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Öğe Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Assessment Using EPA and DEFRA: A Case Study of Bursa Technical University(2025) Shahın, Somaia; Ozturk, SametBursa Technical University (BTU) is committed to achieving sustainability goals and has taken significant steps in this direction. This study was conducted in accordance with the emission factors of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the conversion factors of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). The study was carried out in line with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14064 and ISO 14001 standards and in harmony with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), drawing on the experiences of five Turkish universities. This paper provides detailed information on BTU's carbon footprint calculation methodology, the standards used, and its alignment with the SDGs. The application of two distinct emission factors, those of EPA and DEFRA, yielded divergent carbon footprint (CF) values for BTU. The EPA approach yielded a value of 2697 tCO2e while the DEFRA-based assessment resulted in a lower CF of 1526 ton of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e). It is noted that most of the carbon emissions in the university is due to electricity consumption followed by natural gas usage. A prioritized action plan could be reducing the electricity consumption with automated lighting and laboratory equipment, subsequently increasing energy efficiency in the buildings.Öğe Comparison of the results obtained by Iman transform with Laplace transform(2024) Ozdogan, NihalMany processes in the real world are characterised by principles which are defined in the form of expressions involving rates of change. Mathematically, rates are derivatives and expressions are equations so we have differential equations. Differential equations play an important role for modelling many problems in different scientific fields. Sometimes, the calculations to solve these equations can be very complex and ultimately frustrating. For this reason, many integral transform methods were proposed by researchers. However, integral transform methods can give consistent solutions to many complex problems and have many application areas such as physics, mechanics, engineering, astronomy. In this work, two integral transforms, Iman transform and the well-known Laplace transform were studied comparatively to facilitate the solution of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. Applications of these two transforms show that these integral transform methods are closely related to each other.Öğe A Study on Trans-para-Sasakian Manifolds(2024) Erken, Irem Küpelı; Özkan, MustafaIn the current paper, we make the first contribution to investigate conditions under which three-dimensional trans-para-Sasakian manifold has ?-parallel Ricci tensor and cyclic parallel Ricci tensor. Finally, a three dimensional trans-para-Sasakian manifold example which satisfies our results is constructedÖğe A New Collision Avoidance Approach for Automated Guided Vehicle Systems Based on Finite State Machines(2024) Çoban, Mustafa; Gelen, GökhanAutomated guided vehicles are transportation systems that are widely used in factories, warehouses, and distribution centers. It is of great importance to ensure the control and coordination of vehicles for safe and efficient transportation in multi-vehicle systems. In this study, a control strategy is proposed to enforce collision avoidance of automated guided vehicles operating in a shared zone and overlapping route environment. In the proposed method, while finite state machines are used to model the movement of automated guided vehicles in the environment, the Q-learning method, one of the most common reinforcement learning algorithms, is used for collision avoidance. The presented approach uses the decentralized node-based approach to reduce computational complexity. The proposed method has been validated through simulation performed with vehicle applications that can move both unidirectional and bidirectional. The simulation results show that our presented approach can avoid potential collisions and greatly increase overall efficiency.Öğe Leaking Network Devices with Rubber Ducky Attack(2024) Dönmez, Zeynep Rana; Atmaca, Şeyma; Yalman, YıldıraySocial engineering is a psychological attack targeting individuals' vulnerabilities, often aimed at employees of targeted organizations. Unlike traditional electronic attacks, it relies on manipulating individuals to run malware-infected devices or share sensitive information willingly. This study uses the Arduino Digispark Attiny85 module to demonstrate the potential consequences of social engineering attacks on network devices. By placing the module in a device connected to the target network, a network scan was performed to determine the security status, IP addresses, port information, and version information of all devices. During the experimental studies, it was observed that the most suitable port was the FTP port, and the attack was carried out via msfconsole on the FTP port. Unlike similar studies that focus on a single device, our approach allows simultaneous infiltration of multiple devices within the network, obtaining control over multiple authorized devices, highlighting the significant advantage of our method.Öğe Remaining Useful Life Estimation via Cascaded Self-Attention and ResNet Models(2023) Avcı, Adem; Acır, NurettinPrognostics and Health Management occupy an important place in modern industrial maintenance to increase the reliability of systems. Determining the Remaining Useful Life of the system or its parts is vital accurately to maintaining critical parts of the system and successful prognostics and health management. This study proposes a data-based Remaining Useful Life prediction method with a network consisting of a cascade-connected Self-Attention and Residual Network layer. The network is fed by multiple sensor signals to monitor the aero-engines. The proposed model contains four main parts: The Gaussian Noise Layer, the Self-Attention Layer, the Residual Network Layer, and the layer to estimate Remaining Useful Life. The model is created to be more robust and susceptible to noise using the Gaussian Noise Layer. The Self-Attention Layer focuses on crucial points through time. The Residual Network Layer uses feature extraction and makes the model more profound help of the skip connection. Finally, the Remaining Useful Life estimation is made using highly correlated features obtained from the fully connected layer and the output layer. In addition, a new loss function has been offered, similar to the evaluation metrics in the literature. With the proposed model and loss function, 11.017 and 12.629 in root mean square error, 157.19 and 218.6 in score function are obtained in the FD001 and FD003, respectively. The superior performance of these results on the C-MAPSS dataset is demonstrated by comparing the other state-of-the-art methods in the literature.Öğe N-Boc-Amino Acid Mediated Morita-Baylis Hillman reaction of methylphenyl glyoxylate(2023) Koz, Gamze; Coskun, NecdetThe organocatalyzed Morita-Baylis Hillman (MBH) reaction of ?-keto esters is a challenging carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction. We developed a catalytic system for the MBH reaction of methylphenyl glyoxylate with methyl vinyl ketone in a polar aprotic solvent. We used N-Boc-L-pipecolinic acid as a proton transfer mediator and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as the tertiary amine catalyst. We obtained the MBH adduct with a 66% yield in 48h. We proposed a detailed reaction mechanism involving a transition state that includes the hydrogen transfer by the acid functional group of N-Boc-L-pipecolinic acid.Öğe Coefficient of Acceptability for Joints in Furniture Frame Analysis under Cyclic Loads(2023) Uysal, MesutThis study aimed to determine the coefficient of acceptability for furniture joints on chair frames. In doing so, three chair configurations made of soft maple and yellow poplar were defined. Chairs were subjected to a front-to-back cyclic load test until non-recoverable failure occurred. Ultimate failure loads for each chair frame were used to determine the moment capacity of critical joints. Likewise, according to American Library Association, acceptable light, medium and heavy-duty service loads were subjected to chairs in the structural analysis to obtain acceptable moment capacities of critical joints, using the stiffness method. Then, lines were drawn from the initial strength of the joint to the moment capacities of the joint at the load level imposed on the chair. Differentiating the slopes between lifeline and acceptable levels gave a coefficient of acceptability. This coefficient would provide insight into the serviceability and durability of joints and chair frames.Öğe One-Part Geopolymer Binder Based on Boron Wastes: Effects of Calcination Temperature and NaOH Dosage on Strength and Microstructure(2024) Kızıltepe, Cavit Çağatay; Yuksel, Isa; Aydın, SerdarBoron Enterprise Facilities are located in Kütahya-Emet, Eskişehir- Kırka and Balıkesir-Bigadiç regions in Türkiye. Waste materials containing a sum of boron (15-20%) occur during boron beneficiation with different mining procedures. Boron mine wastes are not evaluated completely in any sector. In the scope of this study, boron mine wastes from Kırka Boron Enterprise Facility were used as raw material in the production of one-part geopolymer binder by alkali fusion method. The effect of sodium hydroxide dosage (%4, %6, %8 and %10) and calcination temperature (600 °C, 650 °C and 700 °C for 4h) on compressive strength and microstructure was investigated. Test results showed that one-part geopolymer binder can be produced from boron wastes by using alkali fusion method. The highest compressive strength of 29,1 MPa was obtained by using 4% NH and calcination at 650 C for 4h. Furthermore, the formation of new crystalline phases in geopolymer binders at higher calcination temperature caused a decrease in compressive strength values. The main reaction product of the one-part geopolymer based on boron wastes is Mg and Na incorporated C-(Mg, Na)S-H structure.Öğe Preventing Crime and Terrorist Activities with a New Anomaly Detection Approach Based on Outfit(2023) Ortaç, Gizem; Yılmaz, Seçkin; Kayıpmaz, Yusuf; Şamlı, RüyaVideo surveillance systems play an important role in ensuring security indoors and outdoors and detecting suspicious persons due to the increasing violence and terrorist acts every year. In the proposed study, an artificial intelligence-based warning system has been developed, which enables the detection of potential suspects who may carry out criminal or terrorist activities by detecting anomalies in surveillance videos. In this developed system, an abnormality is detected by using the outfits of the people. The YOLOv7 object detection model is trained on our customized data sets, and suspicious person detection is made through outfit information. Especially in cases where biometric data is hidden, dress information makes it easier to obtain information about people. For this reason, the knowledge of outfits is the main point of this study in the detection of suspicious persons. Thanks to this study, security guards will be able to focus on this suspicious person before they pre-empt any crime or terrorist activity. If there are other data confirming the suspicious situation as a result of this follow-up; security personnel will have time to eliminate the crime or attack. The experimental results obtained have been promising in terms of the usability of a person's outfit anomalies to ensure public confidence or avoid risk to human life. Although there are various studies in the literature for the prevention of terrorist or criminal activities; there is no study in which people's outfit is used to identify suspects.Öğe Applications of Mohand Transform(2024) Ozdogan, NihalInvestigating solutions of differential equations has been an important issue for scientists. Researchers around the world have talked about different methods to solve differential equations. The type and order of the differential equation enable us to decide the method that we can choose to find the solution of the equation. One of these methods is the integral transform, which is the conversion of a real or complex valued function into another function by some algebraic operations. Integral transforms are used to solve many problems in mathematics and engineering, such as differential equations and integral equations. Therefore, new types of integral transforms have been defined, and existing integral transforms have been improved. One of the solution methods of many physical problems as well as initial and boundary value problems are integral transforms. Integral transforms were introduced in the first half of the 19th century. The first historically known integral transforms are Laplace and Fourier transforms. Over the time, other transforms that are used in many fields have emerged. The aim of this article is to describe the Mohand transform and to make applications of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients without any major mathematical calculations This integral transform method is an alternative method to existing transforms such as Laplace transform and Kushare transform. When recent studies in the literature are examined, it can be said that Mohand transform is preferred because it is easy to apply.Öğe Classical Turkish Music Composition with LSTM Self-Attention(2024) Kasif, Ahmet; Sevgen, SelcukSynthetic symbolic music generation, the process of creating new musical pieces using symbolic representations, has gained significant traction in the field of music informatics and computational creativity. It holds immense potential for various applications, ranging from music education and composition assistance to music therapy and personalized music recommendation systems. Classical Turkish music (CTM) exhibit distinct characteristics regarding Western Tonal Classical Music (WCM) such as melodic organization, formation of rhythmic structure or melodic expressions. This study tackles the challenge of symbolic music composition, focusing on CTM. Unlike WCM, CTM incorporates microtonal intervals. These intervals are smaller than the semitones in Western music, allowing for a more nuanced expression of pitch. This leads to a more diverse set of pitch ranges. The proposed method employs a combination of self-attention and long-short term memory (LSTM) networks to capture long-term relational information and generate realistic CTM compositions. LSTMs effectively model sequential dependencies and improve local relations within musical structures and self-attention improves the context vector, allowing the model to attend to different aspects of the musical context simultaneously. This combination enables the proposed method to generate compositions that are both musically coherent and stylistically consistent with distinct features of CTM. The proposed method was evaluated on two datasets, the CTM dataset and Classical Music Piano (CPM) dataset. The assessment of musical contents is evaluated through melodic similarity and stylistic consistency metrics. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to generate musical content that is coherent and produce music that is pleasing-to-hear. Overall, the article presents a novel and effective approach to symbolic music composition, focusing on CTM.Öğe A Laboratory Study on the Design and Performance Evaluation of Pitot-Tube(2023) Eski, Yasemin; Vaheddoost, Babak; Yılmaz, DamlaDue to the increasing demand for water resources worldwide, this commodity and its spatial and temporal properties are of the interest for decision makers and scientists. On the other hand, the accuracy in detecting the physical characteristics of the water flow such as velocity is among the most important aspects of the hydraulic studies. The pitot tube, which is not widely used in the open channel hydraulic practices, is one of the equipment used for determination of the flow velocity. In this study, we have addressed the design, fabrication, and laboratory experiments related to a pitot tube to investigate its applicability for open channel experiments. A 3D-printed pitot-tube is designed and used in a set of experiments carried out in an open channel, with different flow rates (three experiments). As a result, the relative error rates were interpreted by comparing the velocity rates obtained with the help of the water level difference in the differential manometer (Vm) and the velocity rates obtained from the flow continuity equation in the open channel (Vo). Results indicated a 50% bias, while the scatter analysis showed that the associated deviations match a linear equation and once used in the interpretation of the results, the linear transformation reveals a 3% bias in the experiments.Öğe The Impact of Quality Dimensions and Some Other Critical Factors on Consumers’ Furniture Purchasing Decisions(2024) İnce, Melike Nur; Tasdemir, CagatayThis research examined the influence of quality dimensions and various other factors on consumer choices in the Turkish furniture market, aiming to bridge a literature gap by leveraging theoretical insights and empirical data. Utilizing a detailed survey, the study captured consumer perceptions of factors influencing furniture purchases, focusing on Garvin's eight quality dimensions: Suitability, Perceived Quality, Features, Aesthetics, Service, Durability, Reliability, and Performance. The methodology included a 19-question survey targeting Bursa's population to gather data on demographic characteristics and purchasing influences, which was analyzed via Microsoft Excel. The findings underscored the paramount importance that consumers placed on durability and performance, suggesting a pragmatic approach to furniture buying where functionality trumped aesthetics. A notable preference for sustainable and eco-friendly furniture emerged, aligning with broader environmental trends. Demographically, most respondents were young, university-educated adults, indicating a market segment with distinct tastes and preferences, particularly toward modern-style furniture. These insights advocated for furniture industry stakeholders to adopt marketing strategies emphasizing product durability, performance, and environmental friendliness, aligning with consumer expectations for quality and sustainability. This alignment could be crucial for guiding product development and design to cater to contemporary consumer needs.Öğe Redox Properties of Poly (aniline boronic acid) in Aqueous Environment with Glucose and Table Sugar Addition(2024) Eken, Taha Yasın; Gumus, Omer Yunus; Uzunsoy, DenizPolyaniline boronic acid, a conducting polymer with unique properties, has gained attention for its potential applications in batteries, sensors, drug delivery systems, and electrochemical devices. Understanding the redox behavior of this polymer in the presence of sugars is of particular interest due to the potential implications for its functionality in various applications. Cyclic voltammetry is employed to analyze the redox behavior of the polymer in aqueous solutions with glucose and table sugar. Preliminary results suggest that the presence of glucose improves, and table sugar declines the peak values. The diffusion coefficient of the polymer is found as 2.6x10-9 cm2/s. The choice of supporting electrolyte, exemplified by potassium carbonate and potassium chloride, also exhibited an influence on redox behavior of polyaniline boronic acid, and peak potential and peak values are higher in potassium chloride solutions.Öğe Microencapsulation of Black Carrot Anthocyanins for Enhanced Thermal Stability(2024) Baysal, Elif; Kazan, AslihanPigments obtained from plants and algae are utilized as colour additives in food and pharmaceutical formulations due to the advantages of being non-toxic and possessing several biological activities. However, the low stability limits the utilization of natural pigments and therefore strategies such as chemical modification or encapsulation are required. This study aimed to improve the thermal stability of black carrot anthocyanins by microencapsulation. The effect of parameters such as concentration and flow rate of alginate solution, stirring rate and temperature of CaCl2 solution and needle diameter on the average size, polydispersity (PDI), and sphericity of alginate microparticles were examined. Optimum conditions were elicited as 2% concentration and 1 ml/min flow rate for alginate solution, 40 rpm stirring rate of CaCl2 solution at 4oC and 0.45 mm of needle size resulting in 462.4 ?m of particle size. Heat treatment was also applied and the retention efficiencies were determined as 96.92% and 75.82% for encapsulated and free anthocynanins, respectively. In addition, half-life of anthocyanin rich extract has been shown to increase from 7.5 h to 66.5 h by microencapsulation. These findings indicated the ability of alginate microparticles for the protection of black carrot anthocyanins from thermal degradation and improvement of storage stability.Öğe Prediction of Cancer in DNA Sequences Using Unsupervised Learning Methods(2023) Doğru, Şeyma; Altuntas, VolkanToday, with the development of technology, the decision-making capabilities of machines have also increased. With their high analytical skills, computers can easily catch points and relationships that may escape the human eye. Thanks to these capabilities, machines are also widely used in the field of health. For example, many machine-learning techniques developed on cancer prediction have been successfully applied. Early detection of cancer is crucial to survival. In the early diagnosis of cancer, the rates of drug treatment, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy that the person will be exposed to are significantly reduced and the patient gets through this process with the least amount of wear and tear. Gene Expression Cancer RNA-Seq Dataset was used in this study. This data set includes gene expression values of 5 cancer types (BRCA, KIRC, LUAD, LUSC, UCEC). DNA sequences in the dataset were analyzed using k-means and hierarchical clustering algorithms, which are unsupervised machine learning methods. The aim of the study is to develop a usable machine-learning model for the early detection of cancer at the gene level. Adjusted Rand Index (ARI), Silhouette Score, and Accuracy Metrics were used to evaluate the analysis results. The rand index calculates the similarity between clusters by counting the binaries assigned to clusters. The adjusted Rand Index is a randomly adjusted version of the Rand Index. The silhouette score indicates how well a data point fits within its own set among separated datasets. The accuracy metric is obtained as a percentage of correctly clustered data points divided by all predictions. Different connection methods are used in the hierarchical clustering algorithm. These are 'complete', 'ward', 'average', and 'single'. As a result of the study, the accuracy in the k-means algorithm was 0.990, the Adjusted Rand Index was 0.79, and the Silhouette Score was 0.14. Looking at the hierarchical clustering, ward performed the best of the four linkage methods, with an ARI score of 0.76 and a silhouette score of 0.13. As a result of the study, the accuracy of the hierarchical clustering algorithm was 0.999.Öğe A Contactless Palmprint Imaging System Design Using Mediapipe Hands(2023) Kocakulak, Mustafa; Acır, NurettınPalmprint has been widely used in biometric systems because of its durability and reliability. To avoid recognition performance degradation, dynamic region of interest extraction is a critical step for these systems. In this study, a low-cost contactless palmprint imaging system has been designed and a dynamic region of interest extraction method has been applied to palmprints using the MediaPipe Hands framework. Since the need for hygienic touchless systems has been realized in the post-COVID-19 pandemic world, a low-cost imaging system has been proposed to capture the user’s hand at a distance without touching any platform. The region of interest of the user's palmprints in a real-time video stream has been extracted dynamically. This study creates a paradigm for future studies on palmprint imaging. With conducted experiments, the potential of MediaPipe Hands in terms of speed and accuracy on mobile palmprint imaging applications has been realized on Raspberry Pi 4. This work demonstrates that the employed hardware and proposed hand-tracking algorithm are suitable for designing low-cost contactless palmprint imaging systems in non-controlled ambient light conditions. For recognition purposes, a database will be released soon.Öğe Effect of permeability-reducing admixtures on concrete properties at different cement dosages(2023) Yıldırım, Musa; Ozhan, Hacer BılırConcrete is the most common building material used worldwide. Significantly high strength values have been achieved owing to developing material technology. Besides compressive strength, durability properties should also be taken into consideration since concrete is exposed to several external effects throughout its service life. Durability properties are mainly associated with the voids in the internal structure and surface of concrete. Even if not exposed to any external effects, concrete contains several pores and micro-cracks. These pores and cracks enlarge with the influence of external effects, and new cracks are developed. Therefore, various methods are used to prevent the permeability of harmful liquids and gases into concrete structures. In this study, permeability-reducing admixtures (PRAs) and various cement dosages were used to produce concrete mixtures. The main purpose is to examine the interaction of these additives with the cement dosage. Workability, compressive strength, and depth of water penetration under pressure tests were conducted to observe the effect of PRA on these parameters. The admixture crystallized in the internal structure of the concrete and created a fuller volume. While the compressive strength increased as a result of the crystallized product, the depth of water penetration decreased. Slump tests revealed that the additive was compatible with all cement dosages, and it did not significantly affect the workability properties of the concrete. Expectedly, the compressive strength increased as the cement dosage increased, while the positive effect of the PRA additive gradually decreased. The PRA additive also contributed to the decrease in the depth of water penetration, but its impact decreased as the cement dosage increased. It was concluded based on present findings that PRA additive, which is the most effective at the lowest cement dosage, increased the compressive strength values by 9.44% at this dosage and decreased the depth of water penetration under pressure by 26.09%.Öğe Comparing Traffic Performances Between Signalized and Give-Way Roundabouts: A Case Study in Bursa(2023) Kayacan, Muhammed Alphan; Yılmaz, Bahadır; Özdemir, Ahmet MünirGlobally developing economies and opportunities have caused an increase in the density of people in city centers in recent years; thus, an exponential increase has been experienced in the number of motor vehicles, which complicates the creation of a sustainable traffic network. Waiting times and the number of stops cause psychological, physical, and environmental problems. The efficiency of intersections is vital to ensure sustainable transportation. Modern roundabouts outperform signalized roundabouts, and their popularity has been increasing in recent years. However, the geometric features of intersections should be suitable for the location and traffic composition. In this study, the Durmazlar roundabout, which is currently a signalized roundabout in Bursa, has been transformed into a modern roundabout and redesigned. One of the aims of the study is to make minimal changes in the geometry of the roundabout. One-way road applications have been made to regulate entrances and exits on problematic roads. Modeling of the roundabout and collecting data was performed through the PTV Vissim software. Queue length, travel time, and speed parameters of the data obtained regarding the new scenario and the current situation were compared.
