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    Effect of Microcrystalline Cellulose Filler on Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Ramie/Glass/Carbon Hybrid Laminated Composite
    (American Institute of Physics Inc., 2023-12-28) Yudhanto, Ferriawan; Jamasri, Jamasri; Ilyas, Rushdan A.; Terzioğlu, Pınar
    Hybrid composites laminated (HLC) combined with various types of fibers have less poor interfacial bonding. It is due to the different physical and chemical properties of various fibers used. HLC consists of six layers with a stacking sequence arranged are ramie (R), glass (G), and carbon (C) fiber manufactured by the vacuum infusion process. Adding the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 0.5 wt.% into the unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) at 350 RPM for 5 minutes. It increases the tensile strength and elasticity modulus on the HLC with the stacking sequence of CRGGRC by 15% and 34%. The significant effect on flexural strength and elasticity modulus by 47% and 16%. Adding MCC filler inhibits propagation crack in the interlaminar interface of HLC. The addition of MCC filler has a slight impact on water absorption behavior. The water absorption increases by 0.9% on HLC with MCC caused it has hydrophilicity properties.
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    Morphology, Crystallinity and Thermal Properties of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Isolated of Sisal Fiber by Acid Hydrolysis-Ultrasonication
    (Unimap Press, 2024) Yudhanto, Ferriawan; Yudha, Venditias; Jamir, Mohd Ridzuan Mohd; Suyambulingam, Indran; Terzioglu, Pinar; Sudarisman
    Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from natural Agave sisalana (Sisal) fibers were isolated using a combination of chemical and mechanical processes. The chemical treatment begins with soaking the fiber in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a concentration of 5 wt.% at a temperature of 90(degrees)C for 60 minutes. Then following by bleaching (fiber refining) using a hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) with a concentration of 3 wt.% (weight), at a temperature of 60(degrees)C, and pH of 10 for 30 minutes. It aims to eliminate the presence of hemicellulose and lignin contained in the fiber. Fibrillation Micro into nano Sisal fibers using sulfuric acid (hydrolysis process). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with 55 wt.% at temperature 60(degrees)C for 30 minutes produced NCC with a diameter of 5 +/- 1 nm (D) and a length of 260 +/- 10 nm (L), as seen using a TEM (transmission electron microscope). The web -like network structured shape of NCC results in a high aspect ratio (L/D) value is 52. The acid hydrolysis-ultrasonication process produced a high crystallinity index of 78.82% through the XRD (x-ray diffraction) test. The crystallinity and aspect ratio of NCC show that Sisal fiber is a suitable material as a filler for bio-nanocomposite materials. The maximum temperature (T-max) of NCC decreased by 10(degrees)C due to sulfate ions attached to the cellulose structure, causing the thermal stability to drop from 348(degrees)C to 338(degrees)C.