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    Germination Methods and Characteristics of Endemic Centaurea olympica DC. Koch Grown in Cultural Conditions
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Yucel, Gul; Erken, Kamil
    The most suitable generative production method was selected in this work by applying different treatments to endemic Centaurea olympica seeds. The development performance and adaptation ability of the species in natural and cultural conditions (in the natural population, in pots and in the garden) were determined, with the goal to protect the species under ex situ conservation. The growth performance of the plant was monitored, and its ornamental plant potential was evaluated. The obtained data were compared with the data from the natural population. All morphological and phenological observations showed that the species can easily adapt to cultural conditions. For 2 months in the summer period, it is a lilac-flowered herbaceous plant that can be preferred for gardens with increasing number of shoots and flowers in parallel with its development. Among the different pretreatments applied to the seeds of the species, the highest germination percentage (73.5%) and germination speed (T5o=8 days) was found with 600 ppm GA3 treatment for 24 h after cold-wet stratification at 4 degrees C for 3 months. The appropriate germination temperature was determined as 20 degrees C.
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    OPTIMAL GERMINATION METHODS, ORNAMENTAL PLANT FEATURES, AND EX SITU CONSERVATION OF ENDEMIC CAMPANULA GRANDIS FISCH & CA MEY
    (Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ, 2023) Yucel, Gul; Erken, Kamil
    This study aimed to investigate the ornamental utilization, two-year growth performance in natural habitat and cul-tural conditions, generative production methods, and morphologic and phenologic plant properties of Campanula grandis, which is an endemic species demonstrating ornamental plant potential and needs ex-situ conservation and cultivation. In addi-tion, the germination and growth performance of seeds collected in the new season was compared with seeds that were kept for one year. Seeds stored dry for 3 months at 4 degrees C and then treated with 200 ppm GA3 exhibited the highest germination percent-age (76%). Furthermore, GA3 treated seeds had best germination speed, shortening the germination time. This study also iden-tified the ideal temperature for germination as 20 degrees C for the best germination rate. It was revealed that the number of flowers on the plant in natural habitat was 48 while in cultural conditions it was found as 165 flowers in biennial plants. The seedlings were planted in an ex-situ collection garden established for placing the Campanula grandis species under conservation. The Campanula grandis species has the potential for use as an ornamental plant for landscaping applications due to its lengthy flow-ering period, vigorous second-year stem growth, and numerous, enormous, flamboyant, blue-purple, and bell-shaped flowers.
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    PRODUCTION AND ORNAMENTAL PLANT PROPERTIES OF ENDEMIC RHAPONTICOIDES WAGENITZIANA (BANCHEVA & KIT TAN) M. V. AGAB. & GREUTER
    (Aloki Applied Ecological Research and Forensic Inst Ltd, 2022) Yucel, Gul; Erken, Kamil
    This study focused on Rhaponticoides wagenitziana, including an assessment of its plant and seed properties, adaptation to cultivated conditions, aesthetic and functional properties as an ornamental plant, and seed viability rates. The study was conducted in Yalova/Turkey between 2019 and 2021. Dry storage (3, 5, and 8 months at 4 degrees C), cold-wet stratification (2 and 3 months at 4 degrees C), gibberellic acid (GA(3)) treatments (200, 400, 600, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/L), and various combinations of these treatments on seed germination were also investigated. During the vegetation period, this green-leaved species displayed purple flowers for about two months in the summer and demonstrated no difficulties in adapting to cultivated conditions, where it retained its aesthetic and functional properties. Thus, it was concluded that this species could be utilised as an ornamental plant in herbal designs. Among seed treatments, 600 and 1000 mg/L GA(3), following storage at 4 degrees C for three months, yielded the best germination rates: 48.25% and 52.75%, respectively. Given this species' problematic germination, the results on breaking dormancy were quite successful compared to those reported in previous studies. Furthermore, after storage at 4 degrees C for three months, treatments of 1000 and 1500 mg/L GA(3), or 200 and 600 mg/L GA(3) with cold-wet stratification, accelerated germination speed, reducing it from 18 days in the T-50 control group to 5.8 and 6 days, respectively. A collection yard was developed using the plants grown in the study, and the species was placed under ex-situ conservation.