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    Reduction of nitrate by biogenic sulfide in denitrifying membrane-sulfidogenic up flow column reactor system
    (2025) Yücel, Amine; Yılmaz, Tülay; Uçar, Deniz
    Sulfur- or thiosulfate- based autotrophic denitrification presents an effective and economical solution for nitrate removal from wastewater or groundwater with low concentrations of organic matter. However, the substantial production of sulfate can limit its wider application, particularly in groundwater that already exhibits high sulfate concentrations. This study evaluated the performance of a sequential system engineered for the effective removal of both nitrate and sulfate from groundwater. The system integrates autotrophic denitrification, which occurs within a membrane bioreactor (MBR), with ethanol-based sulfate reduction. A key design feature of this system is the utilization of sulfide, generated in a sulfidogenic column bioreactor, as the primary electron source for the denitrification process. The system was operated using synthetic groundwater containing nitrate at concentrations of 25 and 100 mg N/L in successive phases. While the system achieved near-complete nitrate removal across both influent nitrate concentrations, it demonstrated poor sulfate reduction performance. The original design intended for the sulfide produced from sulfate reduction in the column bioreactor to be used solely as an electron source for nitrate removal in the MBR. However, the observed low sulfate removal efficiency resulted in the carryover of organic matter from the sulfidogenic column bioreactor to the MBR, thereby fostering mixotrophic denitrification conditions. The study underscores that optimizing sulfur-based combined systems is crucial for achieving the simultaneous and efficient removal of both nitrate and sulfate.