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    Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2017) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T.; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Unal, S.; Woodward, S.
    Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5-74ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmulleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450m(2). One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.
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    Impacts of inoculation with Herpotrichia pinetorum, Gremmenia infestans and Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus nigra subsp pallasiana and Cedrus libani seedlings in the field
    (Wiley, 2016) Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T.; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Woodward, S.; Oskay, F.
    Herpotrichia pinetorum, Gremmenia infestans and Gremmeniella abietina were inoculated onto 2-year-old Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) and Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani) seedlings planted in a high mountain forest (1800m a.s.l) in south-western Turkey, to determine the effects of these fungi during winter. In June, 8months after inoculation, 39.9% of experimental plants were dead and 20.4% of the surviving plants failed to flush. Gremmeniella abietina and H.pinetorum caused the most fatalities. Prevention of new shoot formation on surviving plants, however, was mainly an effect of G.abietina infections, although many surviving plants inoculated with G.infestans or H.pinetorum also failed to flush. All three pathogens had the potential to severely damage young plants of P.nigra subsp. pallasiana and C.libani growing at high elevations near to forests with heavy inoculum loads. The implications of this finding for P.nigra afforestations at high altitudes in Turkey are discussed. This study is also the first to report that G.infestans can infect and cause disease on young C.libani plants.
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    Oomycota species associated with deciduous and coniferous seedlings in forest tree nurseries of Western Turkey
    (Wiley, 2017) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Woodward, S.; Jung, T.; Lehtijarvi, H. T. Dogmus
    Occurrence and pathogenicity of Oomycota species causing root rot were investigated in 10 forest tree nurseries in western Turkey. Soil samples (129 in total) taken from the rhizosphere of symptomatic seedlings were baited for Oomycota using young leaves of Quercus suber, Rhododendron simsii and R.ponticum. Oomycota (178 isolates) were obtained by culturing on selective media, and identified using morphological methods followed by PCR and sequencing of the ITS rDNA and cox1 regions. Phytophthora aff. cactorum, P.citricola sensu lato, P.crassamura, P.syringae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Py.intermedium, Py.irregulare, Py.ultimum and Phytopythium vexans were common amongst the isolates. The highest diversity of Oomycota was found in the forest nurseries at Adapazar-Hendek and zmir-Torbal. Pathogenicity tests showed that the isolates caused lesions on a range of host plants. The importance of these nursery infections in transferring potentially damaging oomycete species to Turkish forests is discussed.
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    Pathogenicity of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto on coniferous tree species in Turkey
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T.; Erdogan, R. C.; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Woodward, S.; Kaya, A. G. Aday
    Two-year-old seedlings of Pinus brutia, P.brutia var. eldarica, Pinus pinea and 3-year-old seedlings of Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani were inoculated on the lower stem with isolates of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. collected from the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. In total, 315 seedlings were inoculated in April 2014 and incubated in a growth chamber for 7weeks at 18-20 degrees C. All isolates were pathogenic on the seven different hosts and had the ability to grow in living sapwood. The isolates had a greater growth on C.libani, P. sylvestris and P.radiata seedlings compared to plants of the other species tested. The least affected species were P.brutia and P. nigra. The isolates originating from the Black Sea region caused longer lesions on the hosts. Overall mortality during 7weeks of incubation was 4%.