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    Gaseous elemental mercury emissions from informal E-Waste recycling facilities in Pakistan
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kazim, Mureed; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Akram, Sumaira; Birgul, Askin; Wania, Frank
    Detrimental effects of mercury (Hg) on ecosystems and human health have been well-documented. Whereas emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from e-waste recycling have been reported in developed countries, much less is known about the situation in the Global South. Using a total of 132 passive air samplers, seasonally resolved concentrations of GEM in air were measured continuously at 32 informal e-waste recycling facilities and background location in Pakistan for a period of one year between September 2020 and December 2021. Annual average GEM concentrations at the studied locations ranged from 1.8 to 92 ng m- 3. Among the studied cities, higher concentrations were measured in Karachi (mean +/- s.d: 17 +/- 22, range: 4.2-92 ng m-3), Lahore (16 +/- 4.2, 8.2-22 ng m-3) and Peshawar (15 +/- 17, 4.9-80 ng m-3), while lower levels were measured in Hyderabad (6.9 +/- 6.2, 3.1-25 ng m-3), consistent with a higher rate of informal recycling activities in metropolitan areas. Seasonally, higher GEM levels occurred during autumn (15 +/- 16: 3.3-92 ng m-3) and summer (13 +/- 8.7: 1.8-80 ng m-3) than in winter (12 +/- 8.4: 2.5-49 ng m-3) and spring (9.2 +/- 7.3: 1.8-80 ng m-3), possibly reflecting enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures and/or varying magnitude of recycling operations in different seasons. Policies and strict regulations related to e-waste management should be developed and implemented urgently in the country.
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    Gaseous Elemental Mercury Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey
    (Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Odabasi, Mustafa; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Wania, Frank
    The amount of mercury contained in each unit of electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) is low (about 2-10 mg per equipment). However, it is estimated that all the mercury in the annually produced WEEE accounts for about 22% of the world mercury consumption. Facilities focusing on WEEE recycling have grown enormously in recent years and unfortunately some of this e-waste contains mercury or mercury compounds. The mercury may be released into the environment from consumer products during the recycling processes. Additionally, the recyclers themselves face the possibility of mercury exposure. Environmentally sound management of WEEE needs to involve the informal recycling industry which plays an important part in waste management. The global Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg), created recently through the United Nations Environmental Programme, requires its signatories to perform improved atmospheric Hg monitoring and characterization of Hg sources. In this study, we evaluate the gaseous mercury emissions from selected licensed WEEE facilities to the atmosphere in different provinces of Turkey by employing a passive air sampling technique.