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    Reduction of oxidative damage in prostate tissue caused by radiation and/or chloroquine by apocynin
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Ertik, Onur; Us, Ayca Sezen; Gul, Ilknur Bugan; Us, Huseyin; Coremen, Melis; Bulan, Omur Karabulut; Yanardag, Refiye
    Prostate damage can occur in men due to age and genetic factors, especially when exposed to external factors. Radiation (RAD) is a prominent factor leading to oxidative stress and potential prostate damage. Additionally, chloroquine (CQ), used in malaria treatment, can induce oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, reducing and preventing oxidative damage in prostate tissue caused by external factors is crucial. Rats used in the study were divided into seven groups, CQ, apocynin (APO), RAD, CQ + APO, CQ + RAD, APO + RAD, CQ + APO + RAD. Subsequently, in vivo biochemical parameters of prostate tissues were examined, including reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase activities, and total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress index, advanced oxidation protein products and histologically. The in vivo results presented in our study showed that APO reduced oxidative stress and had a protective effect on prostate tissue in the CQ, RAD, and CQ + RAD groups as a results of biochemical and histological experiments. Additionally, in silico studies revealed a higher binding affinity of diapocynin to target proteins compared to APO. As a histological results, RAD and CQ alone or in combination did not induce damage in prostate tissues, whereas mild histopathological findings such as hyperemia and haemorrhage were observed in all APO-treated groups. The results suggest that the use of APO for the treatment of oxidative damage induced by CQ and RAD in rats. The biochemical and histological experiments showed that apocynin (APO) has reducing effects of oxidative stress in prostate tissue caused by radiation and radiation + chloroquine.In silico models presented to possible inhibitory effects of APO for enzymes which are reason to the production of free radical.