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    ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTATION OPPORTUNITIES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SAMPLES WITH TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMETRY METHODS
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 2021) Bilici, Ebru; Uçar, Zennure; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Genç, Musa
    Nowadays, as in many sectors, natural and cultural resources face the danger of extinction due to misuse and consumption-oriented life in tourism. Within the framework of the sustainability tourism principle, these resources should be determined, protected, and developed. With the advance technology, the use of photogrammetry offers new methods for surveying natural and cultural resources. In this study, the photographs of two historical sites were taken with a high-resolution handheld camera in order to evaluate the potential of terrestrial photogrammetry approach in the cultural heritage. Then, these photographs were used to develop three-dimensional models of the two sites using two different software-Agisoft Metashape and 3D Zephyr Free. For this study, two important cultural and historical heritages were selected; both located in the center of Giresun province in Turkey. The 3D models of the heritages developed using two software were compared to evaluate the capability of the software. In the evaluation process, 13 photographs for the historical door and 50 photographs for the shrine were used to generate 3D models. According to the evaluation of the models, it was observed that the model generated for the front surface of the Public Garden door provided more detailed and accurate results in both software. When these two programs are compared for the shrine, Agisoft Metashape produced a better 3D model than 3D Zephyr. The results also showed that the photographs obtained from a low-cost handheld camera could provide highly accurate and precise data for documentation of historical and cultural heritages.
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    Expanding the Accessible Forest Areas by Improving Forest Road Standards and Utilizing Mobile Fire-fighting Teams
    (Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2024) Kasap, Caner Yavuz; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Aricak, Burak; Bilici, Ebru; Uçar, Zennure; Erkan, Neşat; Guney, Coskun Okan
    In Turkiye, insufficient technical standards of the forest roads limit the speed of the fire truck, leading to increase in the arrival time of the initial response team to the fire areas. Improving forest road standards will increase the design speed and expand the accessible forest areas within the critical response time. In this study, the effect of improving forest road standards on expanding accessible forest areas was investigated. Considering the forest areas in Antalya Forestry Regional Directorate in Turkiye, accessible areas by the stationary initial response teams (103) and mobile teams (71) were determined from the existing road network, and then, the possible increase in the accessible forest areas was investigated when the road standards are improved. Within the scope of the study, the impact of mobile teams used in emergencies on forest areas reached during the critical response period was also evaluated. According to the results, in the scenario where current road standards and stationary teams were evaluated, it was determined that only 59.54% of the forest areas could be reached by initial response teams during the critical response time. When the road standards were improved, this rate increased to 71.69%. On the other hand, when the current road standards and stationary and mobile teams were evaluated together, it was determined that initial response teams could reach 70.40% of the forest areas during the critical response time, and if road standards were improved, this rate increased to 78.17%. Also, utilizing mobile teams increased the accessible forest areas within the critical response time by 9.03%. The results have shown that improvements in road standards and the presence of mobile teams have a very effective role in combating forest fires. © Copyright 2024 by Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform on-line at https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejfe.
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    (Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2021) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Podolskaia, Ekaterina S; Uçar, Zennure
    In fighting against forest fires, it is crucial for the ground-based firefighting team to reach a fire area in critical response time in which the chance of controlling the fires is significantly high. Road networks are the key infrastructures that provide access to the forest areas for the protection of forest resources. In order to benefit from this important function of roads, especially in forested areas with high natural forest fire risk, they should be built in with adequate technical road standards since the low standards limit the fire truck speed that increases the arrival time of the firefighting team to the fire areas. Most of the forest roads in Turkey are Type-B secondary forest roads with low technical road standards (road width, curve radius, surface materials) that limit the speed of fire trucks. This paper aimed to evaluate the potential contribution of improving the standards of Type-B secondary forest roads in terms of increasing accessible forested areas in critical response time in the case of forest fire occurrence. The study area was Kahramanmaraş Forestry Enterprise Directorate (FED), where forests are sensitive to forest fires at the first degree. In the solution process, firstly, accessible forest areas by the firefighting teams located in the study area (six teams) according to the critical response time were determined by considering the existing road network in the study area. In the second scenario, the possible increase in the accessible forest areas with improved forest road standards and increased travel speed in forest roads was investigated. The results indicated that the areas that can be reached promptly by the firefighting teams in critical response time were 21% and 44% for considering existing roads and improved roads in the whole study area. On the other hand, the accessible forested areas in critical response time increased from 17% to 36% when standards of the forest roads were improved. It is indicated that improving road standards has a significant value to contribute the efficiency of firefighting activities if the practitioners implemented presented methodology.