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Öğe Effect of tree age on chemical compounds of ancient Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp pallasiana) needles in Northwest Turkey(Sisef-Soc Italiana Selvicoltura Ecol Forestale, 2018) Turfan, Nezahat; Alay, Mehtap; Sarıyıldız, TemelPlant primary and secondary metabolites are chemical compounds synthesized for essential functions, such as growth and development (primary metabolites), and specific functions, such as pollinator attraction or defense against herbivory (secondary metabolites). Their concentrations in plants are genetically determined, but are also affected by environmental factors. Among these factors, plant age has been reported to influence plant chemical compounds under similar environmental conditions. We aimed to investigate the chemical compounds of ancient Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) needles from trees of different ages. Needles of over 500-, 200-, 100-, 50-, and 25-year-old black pine trees growing under similar environmental conditions were sampled and analyzed for photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), proline, total soluble protein, glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugar, peroxidation level (MDA-malondialdehyde), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Significant differences for chemical composition associated with age were found. In general, results showed that over 500-year-old Anatolian black pine had the highest proline, total soluble protein, H2O2, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates, APX, CAT and SOD concentrations, whereas they had the lowest chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and glucose concentrations. However, 200-year-old trees had the highest glucose, but the lowest chlorophyll b, proline, H2O2 and total soluble carbohydrates. 50- and 25-year-old trees together showed the highest chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and MDA, but lowest total soluble protein and sucrose. In conclusion, these results provide valuable insight into the chemical composition of Anatolian black pine needles in relation to their age, and can be used for complementing studies on tree growth-defence relationships.Öğe Effects of Iron-Steel Factory and Dense Traffic on Leaf Chemical Compounds of Six Tree Species in Turkey(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2018) Turfan, Nezahat; Savaci, Gamze; Sarıyıldız, TemelAim of study: Tree planting can play an important role in improving the quality of the urban environment. On the other hand, air pollutants can affect growth and health of trees. We studied the impacts of air pollution caused by the iron-steel factory and dense traffic on leaf chemical composition and also tree tolerance to the air pollution using six tree species (Maple, Ash tree, Cypress, Black pine, Sycamore and Aspen). Material and Methods: The fresh leaf and needle sampling was carried out in April and July, and analyzed for photosynthetic pigments, peroxidation level, hydrogen peroxide, enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Main results: Although there were statistically significant variations in the studied chemical compositions of the fresh leaf and needle samples between the six tree species, the pollution types and time, each chemical factor acted different ways with the pollution types and time according to tree species. In general, the pigment values, MDA, H2O2 and APX, concentrations in July were lower than those in April, whereas CAT, SOD, proline and protein concentrations in July were higher than those in April. Maple tree was more resistant to the traffic pollution, while Ash tree was more tolerant to both the pollution types. Among all trees, Aspen was found more susceptible to the traffic pollution Research highlights: The results could be used in the future research directions to improve our understanding of the role of individual tree species in air pollution reduction and also set up a healthy, well managed urban forest which can provide many ecological benefits to urban environment.Öğe Variation in Chemical Constituents of Siyez Wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) in Response to Some Abiotic Stress Factors(2019) Turfan, Nezahat; Sarıyıldız, Temel; Mutlu, EkremMain aim of this study was to determine the effects of different salt contents (75 mM, 150 mM and 225 mM NaCl), heavy metal (0.2 mg/L FeCl3, NiCl2, ZnCl2), lime (2 mg/L CaCO3), drought (50%) and pollution (0.2 mg/L dust of factories) on photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Siyez wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). All experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions with 16 hour-day and 8 hour-night photoperiod in an incubator at 23 ± 1°C. Results showed that mean chlorophylla concentration was highest in the siyez seedlings treated with the pollution, while both mean chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll concentrations were highest with 75 mM salt application. Mean total carotenoid was, however, highest with the drought treatment and mean relative water content was highest with NiCl2 application. Mean MDA and H2O2 contents were found to be highest in the siyez seedlings treated with 225 mM salt, whereas they were lowest with NiCl2 treatment. Mean proline content was highest with the NiCl2 treatment compared to the lowest concentration in the control siyez seedlings (82 µmol/g). Mean APX, CAT and GPOX activities were noted to be highest in the siyez seedlings treated with NiCl2. In general, the siyez seedlings showed high tolerance to the pollution, NiCl2 and drought with having highest photosynthetic pigments, proline, protein content and enzymes activities. Among all treatments, 225 mM NaCl and CaCO3 negatively influenced chemical compounds of the siyez seedling. When all data are taken into consideration, it can be said that higher photosynthetic pigments, proline contents, antioxidant enzymes activities and lower MDA and H2O2 levels play an important role in the resistance of siyez seedlings against abiotic stress conditions.