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    Determining the edge effect of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in its horizontal distribution in the stand
    (Northeast Forestry Univ, 2019) Parlak, Salih; Ozcankaya, Ikbal Meltem; Batur, Mustafa; Akkas, Mehmet Emin; Boza, Zulfu; Toprak, Ozgur
    Pine processionary moth is one of the most important forest pests in the Mediterranean Basin. There is need to explore its distribution behaviour to undertake effective control and determine the edge effect of its horizontal distribution in the stand. Five trial sites damaged by the insect were selected and traps installed in all trees in the sites. The number of nests and larvae was counted and diameter increment cores were taken. The distance to the edge of the stand revealed that there was no statistical difference in the number of nests and larvae up to 25m while there was a statistically significant difference (0.5%) at >25m. There was a 2-fold difference in the density of nests between 0 and 25m and > 25 meters, and a 3.8-fold difference in the number of larvae. The effect of pine processionary moth on tree diameter was not significant between trees at the edge of the stand and those in the stand.
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    Efficiency of funnel traps in controlling pine processionary moth
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Parlak, Salih; Ozcankaya, Ikbal Meltem; Batur, Mustafa; Akkas, Mehmet Emin; Boza, Zulfu; Toprak, Ozgur
    Changing climate conditions have allowed the pine processionary moth [Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff. 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Thaumetopoeidae) and T. wilkinsoni Tams. 1925 (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Thaumetopoeidae)] which is one of the most important insects in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, to distribute to larger areas. More effective control of this moth is necessary to prevent its expansion to northern and higher altitudes. Mechanical, biological, chemical, and biotechnical control methods are currently being applied. These methods are either not effective alone, are very expensive, have low impact, or are problematic with respect to the environmental and human health. The purpose of this study was to develop a new approach to control the pine processionary moth and to develop an economical, ecological, and effective trap exploiting its behavioural characteristics. Traps attached to tree trunks caused mature larvae to be trapped as they landed on the soil in convoys to become pupa. In 2013, the average number of nests per tree was 4.7, while it decreased to 2.0 in 2015; furthermore, the average number of larvae decreased from 265 to 57. As a result of this 3-year study, it was found that these traps could catch nearly all of the adult larvae and reduce the moth population; it was also evident that these traps can be used as a new alternative method to control the pine processionary moth, alone or in combination with other methods.