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    A Battery-connected Switched-Capacitor-based Power Step-Up Converter for V2G Applications
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Tekin, Hakan; Setrekli, Göknur; Murtulu, Eren; Karşıyaka, Hikmet; Ertekin, Davut
    In this study, a novel power boost converter topology, which is characterized by a single-switch configuration and its connection to a battery, is introduced. The primary objective of this study is to explore its suitability for voltage enhancement in electrification transportation systems. An intrinsic advantage of the proposed converter lies in its ability to provide a continuous current output with a constrained magnitude, consequently reducing peak values on the battery input side current as a critical parameter impacting battery reliability and longevity. Furthermore, the gain achieved by this novel converter is substantial, rendering it a viable choice for high-voltage Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications.Unlike traditional boost converters, which usually produce an output voltage twice that of the input voltage with a duty cycle of 0.5, the suggested converter exceeds this by providing an output voltage five times higher than the input voltage. The validity of the theoretical framework is substantiated through mathematical derivations and simulation outcomes. To control the proposed converter effectively, a fuzzy logic controller is employed, chosen for its suitability in managing nonlinear systems and its simplicity of implementation. © 2023 IEEE.
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    A design for switched capacitor and single-switch DC-DC boost converter by a small signal-based PI controller
    (Wiley, 2022) Ghaderi, Davood; Bulut, Kübra; Tekin, Hakan
    In this study, a switched capacitor (SC)-based single-switch DC-DC boost converter structure operating under the high voltage gain and the low duty ratio is proposed using the PI control technique. High current and voltage stresses across the power switches and power diodes can be reduced by using the projected SC block. In addition, the proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain through shorter duty cycles, which directly reduces the voltage stress and dynamic losses in the power semiconductors. On the other hand, because the proposed converter includes a single power switch under different output powers and different loads, the control process is simpler than multiswitch structures. With the proposed converter, an output voltage of 10 times greater rather than the input voltage is obtained at 0.57 of the duty cycle. In this study, the fundamental functions of the proposed converter and the controller design steps are analyzed mathematically and tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the proposed topology works with a high performance at high frequency and variable load ranges. To validate the proposed converter and theoretical calculations, a 200-W prototype was established under a continuous conduction mode (CCM) working state, with 48-VDC input voltage and 400-VDC output voltage. Finally, the simulation results were tested and verified through the experimental results.
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    A novel switched-capacitor and fuzzy logic-based quadratic boost converter with mitigated voltage stress, applicable for DC micro-grid
    (Springer, 2022) Tekin, Hakan; Bulut, Kübra; Ertekin, Davut
    High-voltage and efficient power converter topologies equipped with the simple and practical controller circuits are necessary, especially for integration between the low-power and low-voltage renewable energy sources (RESs) like the photovoltaic (PV) arrays and the grid. These converters can be used widely in electrical vehicles (EVs) or charging stations, aquatic, medical, transportation application and other cases. This study proposes a switched capacitor (SC)-based quadratic boost converter (QBC) structure that provides high-voltage gain at low duty cycles equipped with the fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique. The output gain of the proposed converter is higher than a second-order step-up converter or a conventional QB circuit thanks to the presented switched-capacitor topology and the manipulation of the switches in conventional QBC. By using the second switch to the conventional QBC, the voltage stress across the main power switch will decrease that enhance the reliability and long-life of the converter. Since the SC block acts as an intermediate layer between the QB and load through the capacitors and diodes of this block, the voltage and current stresses of the power switches and diodes on the QB side are less than stresses for semiconductors for classical QB and boost converter. In this study, the proposed QBC and controller system are analyzed mathematically in detail and in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A 200 W prototype was developed in the laboratory to validate the proposed converter and computerized analysis. Finally, the theoretical and experimental results were compared and verified.
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    A Proposed Single-Input Multi-Output Battery-Connected DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for Automotive Applications
    (Mdpi, 2023) Tekin, Hakan; Setrekli, Goknur; Murtulu, Eren; Karsiyaka, Hikmet; Ertekin, Davut
    In the realm of electric vehicles (EVs), achieving diverse direct current (DC) voltage levels is essential to meet varying electrical load demands. This requires meticulous control of the battery voltage, which must be adjusted in line with specific load characteristics. Therefore, the integration of a well-designed power converter circuit is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in generating different DC voltage outputs. In this study, we also consider the incorporation of two additional doubler/divider circuits at the end of the proposed converter, further enhancing its capacity to produce distinct DC voltage levels, thus increasing its versatility. The standout feature of the proposed converter lies in its remarkable ability to amplify DC voltages significantly. For instance, when the input battery voltage is set at 48 VDC with a duty cycle (D) of 0.8, the resulting output demonstrates a remarkable augmentation, producing voltages 18, 36, and 72 times higher than the input voltage. Conversely, with a reduced D of 0.2 while maintaining the input voltage at 48 VDC, the converter yields diminished voltages of 0.1875, 0.375, and 0.75 times the initial voltage. This adaptability, based on the parameterization of D, underscores the converter's ability to cater to a wide range of voltage requirements. To oversee the intricate operations of this versatile converter, a high-speed DSP-based controller system is employed. It utilizes the renowned PID approach, known for its proficiency in navigating complex, nonlinear systems. Experimental results validate the theoretical and simulation findings, reaffirming the converter's practical utility in EV applications. The study introduces a simple control mechanism with a single power switch, high efficiency for high-power applications, wide voltage range, especially with VDC and VMC cells, and continuous current operation for the load in CCM mode. This study underscores the significance of advanced power conversion systems in shaping the future of electric transportation.
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    Anahtarlamalı kapasitör tabanlı çift yönlü düşürücü yükseltici tip dönüştürücünün bulanık mantık kontrolör ile geliştirilmesi
    (Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, 2023) Tekin, Hakan; Ertekin, Davut
    Fosil yakıtları kullanan araçlardan kaynaklı karbon emisyonu nedeniyle çevre ve insan sağlığı ciddi tehditlerle karşı karşıyadır. Karbon salınımının olmaması, gürültülerinin oldukça düşük olması, yüksek sürüş konforu sağlaması, bakım maliyetinin az olması gibi avantajları nedeniyle otomobil üreticileri elektrikli araçlara yönelmektedir. Elektrikli araçlar güç elektroniği dönüştürücüleri ile bağlantılı farklı enerji depolama sistemleri kullanılarak yapılandırılmıştır. Genellikle elektrikli araçlar, AC-DC dönüştürücüler aracılığıyla doğrudan şebekeden veya şarj istasyonlarından şarj edilir. Daha sonra enerji depolama sistemleri aracı hızlandırmak için gerekli olan enerjiyi motora iletir. Ek olarak, depolama sistemleri tarafından sağlanan güç, kararsız ve düzensiz olduğundan dolayı, enerji depolama sistemlerinde bulunan her bir enerji kaynağı ile elektirikli araç güç aktarma sisteminin arasında DC-DC dönüştürücüler entegre edilmelidir. Bu durumlar elektrikli araçların verimli bir şekilde kullanımı için enerji depolama sistemleri ile elektrik motoru arasında kullanılan dönüştürücü yapısının işlevselliğinin oldukça önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Yakıt hücresi, süper kapasitörler ve batarya gibi enerji kaynaklarından elektrik motoruna düzenli ve güvenilir bir güç aktarımı sağlamak için uygun güç elektroniği dönüştürücüleri ve kontrolör yapılarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu tez çalışmasında elektrikli araçlarda kullanılmak üzere DC-DC dönüştürücüler, dönüştürücülerin özellikleri, güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini vurgulayan bir çalışma sunulmuştur. Ek olarak, elektrikli araç uygulamaları için verimli bir dönüştürücü yapısının geliştirilmesine yönelik önerilerin paylaşılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Son olarak, elektrikli araçlarda kullanıılmak üzere yüksek verimliliğe ve yüksek gerilim dönüştürme oranına sahip çift yönlü anahtarlamalı kapasitör (SC) tabanlı DC-DC dönüştürücü ve dönüştürücü için uygun kontrol yapısı tasarlanmıştır. Kontrol işlemini sağlamak için de karmaşık matematiksel işlemler ve modellemeler gerektirmeyen bulanık mantık kontrolör kullanılmıştır. Dönüştürücünün diğer bir avantajı ise kontrol sisteminin karmaşıklığını en aza indiren, her iki güç anahtarını da aynı anda çalıştırabilen senkron anahtarlama sinyalinin kullanılmasıdır. Önerilen dönüştürücü yapısı, düşük görev döngüsünde yüksek dönüştürme oranına sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, dönüştürücü çıkışındaki gerilim dalgalanması oldukça düşüktür ve anahtarlar düşük gerillim streslerine sahiptirler. Ek olarak, dönüştürücü yapısında çok az sayıda manyetik bileşen bulunduğundan devrenin hacmi küçük ve devre uygun maliyetlidir. Tasarımın ilk aşamasında sistem gereksinimleri ve çalışmanın amaçları belirlenmiştir. Sonrasında sistem gereksinimlerini karşılayabilmek için matematiksel hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Dönüştürücünün çıkışından istenilen genlikte ve kararlı bir gerilim elde etmek, aynı zamanda dönüştürücünün verimini arttırmak için hızlı, güvenilir ve düşük maliyetli olan bulanık mantık denetleyici sistem kullanılmıştır. Tasarlanan çift yönlü DC-DC dönüştürücünün farklı giriş gerilimleri ve değişen yük koşulları altında hem buck hem de boost modu için Matlab/SIMULINK paket programı kullanılarak simüle edilmiştir. Tasarımı yapılan çift yönlü DC-DC dönüştürücü değişen giriş gerilimleri ve yük koşulları altında her iki yönde de sabit bir çıkış gerilimi sağladığından iyi tasarlanmış DC-DC dönüştürü özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Yapılan matematiksel analizler, alınan simülasyon sonuçları ve laboratuvar ortamında yapılan prototip dönüştürücü devresi bu durumu kanıtlar niteliktedir.
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    Design and Implementation of the Python-Driven Digital Horn System: A Novel Approach for Electric Vehicle Sound Systems
    (Mdpi, 2024) Tekin, Hakan; Karsiyaka, Hikmet; Ertekin, Davut
    Electric and hybrid vehicles are known for their significant reduction in road noise. However, concerns have emerged regarding their silent operation, potentially increasing risks for other road users. To mitigate this, the Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) has been mandated by regulations such as R138 by UNECE in the USA and Europe. This regulation dictates the generation of sound in electric vehicles of categories M and N1 during normal, reverse, and forward motion without the internal combustion engine engaged. Compliance involves meeting specific sound requirements based on vehicle mode and condition. This paper introduces a Python-based approach to designing digital horn sounds, leveraging music theory and signal processing techniques to replace traditional mechanical horns in electric vehicles equipped with AVAS devices. The aim is to offer a practical and efficient means of generating digital horn sounds using this software. The software includes an application capable of producing and customizing horn sounds, with the HornSoundGeneratorGUI class providing a user-friendly interface built with the Tkinter library. To validate the digital horn produced sounds by the software and ensure compliance with AVAS regulations, comprehensive electrical and acoustic tests were conducted in a fully equipped quality laboratory. The results demonstrated that the sound levels achieved met the required 105-107 dB/2 m standard specified by the regulation.
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    Evaluation and Implementation of EMI/EMC Compliance for a Proposed Power Electronics- Based Converter Topology for Electric Vehicles
    (Kaunas Univ Technology, 2024) Tekin, Hakan; Vatansever, Seyit; Ertekin, Davut
    The demand for high-gain, efficient, and costeffective power converters with simple control mechanisms to connect electric vehicle batteries to the grid is increasing. This study introduces a switched capacitor-based power boost converter circuit to meet these needs. The minimal number of power switches in the circuit simplifies control operations and improves practical applicability. The proposed converter boosts the battery pack voltage by a factor of 5 and 11 for duty ratios of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, which is significant compared to conventional boost converters. However, designing an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter is crucial when a power converter board requires the application of a wide range of switching frequencies to enhance electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) immunity. Therefore, as the next step, the EMI/EMC filter design stages were discussed for the proposed converter. For this purpose, 15 printed circuit board (PCB) design rules were checked using the Altium Designer EMI Design Rule Checker, and board EMI/EMC compatibility was analysed. The resonance between the power and ground layers in the PCB was assessed using the plane resonance analyser. The results of simulation and laboratory tests are presented, which confirms the theoretical studies. On the basis of the software results, the points on the electronic board most susceptible to visual interferences have been identified. To minimise these EMI/EMC errors, it is suggested to add electronic components, such as capacitors, at these points according to mathematical and software findings.