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Öğe Assesment of Optimum Timber Extraction Methods Using Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Method(2024) Tas, Inanç; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Eker, Mehmet; Gumus, Selcuk; Demir, Murat; Acar, Hafiz Hulusi; Özdemir, MehmetTimber extraction is a time-consuming and difficult stage of producing the wood-based forest products, involving eco- nomic and ecological sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimum extraction methods in terms of productivity and environmental effects by integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with geographic information systems (GIS). The study was implemented in the coniferous stands located within the borders of Baharlar Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in Ayvacık Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Balıkesir in Türkiye. The main criteria in AHP were slope, skidding (transporting) distance, soil factor, stand age and yield. In the study, tractor skidding, tractor winching, chute system and skyline yarding methods were evaluated by considering environmental effects including residual tree damage and potential impacts on forest soil. In the solution phase, a total of eight suitability maps were produced for four extraction methods for productivity and environmental effects assessment. After the suitability maps were generated, dig- ital data layers of working time were produced for each extraction method using equations about machine working times obtained from previous studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that skidding distance and slope were the criteria with the highest impact in almost all extraction methods for productivity and environmental aspects. In tractor skidding, it was found that soil factor and skidding distance have the highest impact in terms of environmental effects. When con- sidering productivity, the results showed that the most commonly preferred extraction method was the tractor winching (43.30%), followed by the tractor skidding (25.34%). While the chute system was preferred in approximately 20.92% of the area, the least preferred method was the skyline yarding (10.44%). When evaluated in terms of environmental effects, it was determined that tractor skidding (34.02%) was widely preferred, followed by chute system (26.95%), tractor winching (20.96%) and skyline yarding (18.07%).Öğe Assessing Two Decades of Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Uluabat Lake Ramsar Site using Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery(2024) Kılınçarslan, Emre; Gencal, Burhan; Tas, InançThe Ramsar Convention on Wetlands designates over 2,000 sites of international importance, providing crucial habitats for diverse species. Uluabat Lake faces anthropogenic pressures such as urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization, affecting its ecological integrity. The land use/land cover (LULC) changes in the lake's catchment area were assessed using multi-temporal Landsat 7 and Landsat 9 satellite images from 2002 and 2022, along with 2019 management plans. Data were pre-processed with ENVI and stored in ERDAS Imagine program. Then, pixel-based image analysis with maximum likelihood classification (MLC) was employed to generate LULC maps and evaluated classification accuracy using ground truth data and the kappa coefficient. The results revealed a 15.8% reduction in lake area, from 136.1 km² in 2002 to 114.5 km² in 2022, primarily due to sediment transport from surrounding agricultural land and tributary streams. Urban-agricultural and reed-swamp areas increased by 74.7% and 59.6%, respectively, while shrubs and forests declined by 35.64%, largely from reed conversion to agriculture in the Mustafakemalpaşa River delta. Overall classification accuracy ranged from 88.2% to 91% with a kappa coefficient of 0.81 to 0.82, respectively. These transformations highlight the increase in reed and swamp areas and the decrease in lake area, emphasizing the need for effective conservation and management practices.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTING TEAMS BY USING GIS-BASED NETWORK ANALYSIS METHOD: A CASE OF YAYLA FOREST IN TURKEY(2020) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdoğan, Abdullah; Tas, InançThe forest areas located along the coastline of the Mediterranean region in Turkey are sensitive to forest fires in the first degree. According to the fire statistics, about 21000 hectares of forest areas are damaged by forest fires annually. In order to fight forest fires effectively, the firefighting teams should reach the fire location and start fire extinguishing activities within the critical response time. GIS-based network analysis method can be used to evaluate the performance of the firefighting teams in a specified area. In this study, the locations of three firefighting teams within and around Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in the city of Balıkesir in Turkey was evaluated using \"Network Analyst\" module of ArcGIS software. In the first step, the optimum routes which provided the fastest access from the locations of firefighting teams to the possible fire areas were determined by using “New Closest Facility” method under \"Network Analyst\" module. Then, “New Service Area” method under the same module was used to calculate how far the firefighting teams can reach in the study area within a specific critical response time. It was found that 16 out of 19 potential fire areas could be reached by the teams within the critical response time. In addition, 83% of the forest areas in Yayla FEC was found to be reachable by the firefighting teams within the critical response time. The results suggested that the locations of the firefighting teams were found to be suitable for effective firefighting activities in the study area.Öğe Assessment of Using UAV Photogrammetry Based DEM and Ground-Measurement Based DEM in Computer-Assisted Forest Road Design(2023) Tas, Inanç; Kaska, Mehmet Sait; Akay, Abdullah EminComputer-assisted forest road design mainly relies on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), which provides terrain data for supporting the analysis of road design features. The resolution and accuracy of the DEM in representing the terrain structures vary depending on the preferred dataset, which then reflects some of the essential road features such as alignment, road slope, and earthwork. In this study, three forest road sections were designed by using high-resolution DEMs generated from UAV photogrammetry data, GNSS-GPS data and Total Station data. NetCAD 7.6 software, developed in Turkey and mostly used in road design applications, was used to perform the road design while calculating horizontal profiles, vertical profiles, curves, cross sections, and earthwork. The DEM generation capabilities for three datasets were compared based on spatial resolution, data collection and data processing stage. Then, the differences between three road sections were evaluated by considering specified road features such as alignment properties, road slope, and earthwork. The results indicated that the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) based DEM generation method provided the highest resolution (10 cm), followed by the Total Station (56 cm) and GNSS-GPS (61 cm) based methods. When comparing the time for data collection procedure, it took 14 minutes, 70 minutes, and 110 minutes for UAV data, GNSS-GPS data, and Total Station data, respectively. On the other hand, UAV based method falls into a disadvantageous situation in data processing stage, due to high data processing time (3 hours). However, GNSS-GPS and Total Station based methods work only with spatial point data, so they require less processing time of 15 minutes and 25 minutes, respectively. The results indicated that road lengths were 294.8, 272.4 and 282.1 m and the average road slopes were 3.41%, 3.39%, and 3.31% for the road sections designed by using UAV, GNSS-GPS, and Total Station based DEMs, respectively. The excavation and landfill volumes were 369.16 m3 and 166.98 m3, 285.86 m3 and 201.83 m3, and 433.17 m3 and 183.95 m3, respectively. The results indicated that UAV photogrammetry data generates high-resolution DEMs that can be effectively used to design forest roads.
