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    Architectural Heritage After the February 6th Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: Preliminary Observations on Historical Masonry Structures
    (2025) Sezgin, Sedef Kocakaplan; Saygılı, Özden
    On February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaraş province in Türkiye experienced a powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale, followed by another significant earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6. These seismic events resulted in considerable loss of life, injuries, and extensive damage to the region's historical masonry structures. The seismic vulnerability of these structures, stemming from factors such as low strength, inadequate seismic detailing, and limited ductility, contributed to various forms of damage, including cracking, displacement, and, in some cases, complete collapse under the seismic forces. The objective of this study is to provide comprehensive field research results of masonry historical structures situated in various cities within the region impacted by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes occurred on February 6, 2023. The paper presents the findings of reconnaissance studies, delving into the failure mechanisms observed in masonry historical structures, with specific attention to walls, domes, and minarets. The insights gained from the earthquake damages will be valuable in reducing the likelihood of future earthquake damage to these structures.
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    OBSERVED STRUCTURAL DAMAGES AFTER THE FEBRUARY 6, 2023, KAHRAMANMARAS EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY
    (International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Sezgin, Sedef Kocakaplan; Sakcalı, Gökhan Barış; Özen, Süleyman; Bayhan, Beyhan; Ça?lar, Naci
    Two damaging earthquakes occurred in Kahramanmaras on 06.02.2022 with magnitudes of Mw=7.7 and Mw=7.6, respectively, causing loss of lives and economic losses. Field investigation conducted in provinces and districts of Kahramanmaras, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adiyaman, Malatya, Kilis, Adana, Diyarbakir, Osmaniye and Sanliurfa. Technical examinations and observations were conducted by the faculty members of Bursa Technical University of Earthquake Engineering Application and Research Centre. Damages as well as cause of failures in reinforced concrete, masonry, and historical structures were reported in this paper. Damages due to material properties, errors during the design and construction process stated in detail. Further, application suitability of the structures according to the current and old seismic specifications was investigated. Lessons learned and recommendations were provided to prevent failures in possible future earthquakes. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.
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    Reconnaissance report on damage caused by the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaras, Earthquakes in reinforced-concrete structures
    (Elsevier, 2024) Sezgin, Sedef Kocakaplan; Sakcali, Gokhan Baris; Ozen, Sueleyman; Yildirim, Eray; Avci, Eyuebhan; Bayhan, Beyhan; Caglar, Naci
    Two destructive earthquakes occurred in Kahramanmaras, on February 6th, 2023, with magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6, respectively, causing loss of lives and economic loses. A field investigation was carried out in the affected area between February 12th and 26th, 2023, and the findings are detailed in this paper focusing on the damages and causes of failures in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, both in terms of structural and non-structural elements. The seismic history, characteristics of earthquakes, and an assessment of strong ground motion results are also summarized. Recommendations are provided to mitigate future earthquake-induced damages and save lives.
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    SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESMENT OF PRECAST POST-TENSIONED SEGMENTAL PIERS
    (International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Sezgin, Sedef Kocakaplan; Ahmadi, Ehsan; Mehdi Kashani, Mohammad Mehdi
    Precast post-tensioned segmental (PPS) bridge piers mitigate global and local damages of bridge structures through natural hinges. The application of PPS piers has increased recently in Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC). Therefore, to increase their use in high-seismicity regions, this paper examines seismic vulnerability assessment of post-tensioned segmental bridge piers with Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) bars through a Finite Element (FE) framework. First, to investigate the energy dissipation capacity of the PPS piers with SMA, an extensive parametric study performed on the key design parameters including, (i) number of segments or aspect ratio, (ii) length, area, and post-tensioning of the SMA bars, and (ii) area and post-tensioning of the tendon. The results are also compared with the piers without SMA bars. Furthermore, an equivalent reinforced concrete (RC) pier to one of the PPS piers is also analysed. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is performed, and fragility curves are generated to evaluate seismic performance of the PPS piers with and without SMA bars using a suite of 44 far-fault ground motions. The IDA results show that, slenderizing the PPS piers tends to change failure criterion from the yielding of the post-tensioning tendon to strength loss of the pier. For squat piers, the yielding of the tendon governs the failure of the pier while for very slender PPS piers, the strength of PPS piers drops due to second-order effects at small drift values prior to the yielding of the post-tensioning tendon. Furthermore, the equivalent RC pier reaches slight and medium damage states in lower intensity measures compared to the PPS piers. Finally, IDA results of PPS piers with SMA bars show that their median IDA curves for drift responses are lower than the ones without SMA bars. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.
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    Time-domain acceleration-based pulse characterization of 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes
    (Springer, 2024) Sezgin, Sedef Kocakaplan; Ahmadi, Ehsan; Kashani, Mohammad M.
    On February 6, 2023, two significant earthquakes struck the region of Kahramanmara & scedil;, T & uuml;rkiye. The first earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.7 and a depth of 8.6 km, occurred in Pazarc & imath;k, and the second earthquake, with a magnitude 7.6 and a depth of 7.0 km, struck Elbistan. These two devastating events led to the loss of lives and massive destruction of civil infrastructures. In this work, pulse components of the ground motions for both earthquakes are characterized through a multi-pulse decomposition method developed by the authors. The work particularly focuses on cumulative energy, period, and amplitude of dominant pulse components using two extensive ground motion ensembles: (1) 103 ground motions from the Pazarc & imath;k earthquake, and (2) 79 ground motions from the Elbistan earthquake. It is found that, for the Pazarc & imath;k earthquake, pulse cumulative energy is more pronounced for the ground motions in proximity to the rupture lines. However, for the Elbistan earthquake, pulse cumulative energy is not significant for the ground motions in a specific area and is roughly uniformly distributed across all the ground motions and the entire region. It is also seen that dominant pulse periods lie predominantly within the range of 0.5-1.5 s for both earthquakes highlighting the significant damage caused. Finally, the pulse amplitudes exceed 0.5 g for several ground motions of the Pazarc & imath;k earthquake while all the amplitudes fall below 0.5 g for the Elbistan earthquake.