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    Investigation of the effects of latitude, altitude, and snow on solar energy gain with periodic optimum tilt angle using four province examples
    (İdris Karagöz, 2025) Sezen, Kutbay
    Solar energy gain of solar panels can be increased by optimizing the tilt angles periodically. This study examines the periodic optimal tilt angle changes to maximize total solar radiation on inclined surfaces in four different provinces of Turkey: Bursa, Erzurum, Antalya, and Hakkari. These provinces were selected to examine the effects of latitude, high altitude, and snow cover. Monthly and annual total solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface was calculated for 1, 2, 3, and 4 optimal tilt angle periods for each province. Period durations were adjusted to maximize gains in each province rather than being of equal length. Results indicate that dividing the year into two tilt angle periods provides the greatest gains for each province, while the additional gains from three and four periods are limited. For instance, in Bursa, selecting two, three, and four tilt angle periods yields annual solar radiation gains of 4.54%, 4.79%, and 5.26%, respectively. The study shows that selecting the optimal seasonal angle in snowy regions provides greater benefits. In Erzurum and Hakkari, where snow cover is prolonged, maintaining high tilt angles for six months is beneficial, while in Antalya and Bursa, with minimal snowfall, seven months of high tilt angles yield better results. In the four-period application, selecting two months each for spring and autumn in Bursa, Antalya, and Hakkari is advantageous. In conclusion, enhancing the efficiency of solar energy systems requires determining optimal tilt angles and periods based on the geographical and climatic characteristics of each province. This approach will maximize the benefits of solar energy in Turkey's diverse regions.