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    Computational Analysis of Urban Transformation in Bursa: Spatial Dynamics of Westernization Period (1861-1910)
    (Springer, 2025) Karasu, Baris Mert; Ediz, Ozgur; Ozkilavuz, Bengisu; Sen, Ender
    This study is based on the examination of the socio-spatial effects of the physical changes experienced by the city of Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman Empire, during the Westernization Period using computational methods. As the former capital of the Ottoman Empire, Bursa became the first city outside Istanbul to implement the legal reforms initiated by the Tanzimat Edict. Factors such as the 1855 earthquake, fires in 1854 and 1863, the mechanization of silk production, and connections to Istanbul by land and sea made it a pilot region for these reforms. The study mathematically compares the 1861 urban fabric, marking the start of restructuring, with the 1910 urban fabric, which continued until the Balkan Wars. Bursa, which had the characteristics of a classical Anatolian city prior to the modernization process, was transformed from a city which had irregular (organic) geometries, which was unsuitable for vehicular transportation, and where efforts were made to create special areas in which settlement was determined according to local architectural dynamics, into a well-planned, geometric (Euclidean) city with wide, western-style roads. The fractal dimension value was used to test the extent to which this transformation affected the urban fabric, while the space syntax method was used to monitor the effects of the physical interventions on the socio-spatial configuration of the city. Within the scope of the study, it was demonstrated with quantitative data that the urban fabric after Westernization was similar to the original fabric, but that there was a significant improvement in accessibility and intelligibility levels.
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    Spatial impacts of university campuses on urban fabric: The case of Bursa Technical University, Turkiye
    (Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2025) Battal, Imran Gumus; Sen, Ender; Karasu, Baris Mert
    Purpose: This study aims to contribute to research on the interaction between universities and cities by examining how the urban fabric of Bursa Technical University, which has two inner-city campuses, influences and is influenced spatially and socially through space syntax analyses. Theory and Methods: The study uses space syntax parameters such as integration, synergy, and intelligibility in axial map analyses. Global integration is measured by assessing the topological relationships among all axial lines within the system. Synergy and intelligibility values are calculated by correlating local and global values. Results: The number of axial lines increased from 1,744 in 1999 to 1,981 in 2024 due to expropriation. The average axial line length decreased slightly. Mimar Sinan Boulevard exhibited high integration values. Global integration rose from 1.39 to 1.45, indicating improved accessibility and a shift towards an outward-oriented urban structure. Conclusion: Between 1999 and 2024, the campuses of Bursa Technical University have significantly influenced the transformation of the urban fabric. Within the four neighborhoods encompassing the Y & imath;ld & imath;r & imath;m Bayezid and Mimar Sinan Campuses, high residential density areas exhibited increased integration values. Public buildings outside residential areas showed higher integration at road connections but lower values within surrounding residential zones. Compared to the foreground fabric, changes in the background fabric were less significant, indicating the persistence of a privacy-oriented, inward-focused local structure.