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    In Vivo and In Silico Evaluation of the Effects of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) Extract on Small Intestinal Tissue in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction Model
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Ertik, Onur; Sacan, Ozlem; Sener, Goksel; Pazarbasi, Seren Ede; Yanardag, Refiye
    The brain-small intestine connection has become important in neurodegenerative diseases in recent years. In particular, the discovery of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the small intestine and the examination of the effects of AD on this tissue are important in this respect. Our study aimed to understand the effects of the experimentally created AD model in rats on the small intestinal tissue and the protective effect of the extract prepared from parsley leaves (PE). The experimental animals were divided into four groups in the study; Control, Scopolamine (Scop), Scop + PE and Scop + Galantamine (GAL). Oxidative stress parameters and activities of some important enzymes were examined in small intestinal tissues taken as a result of the experimental protocol. Additionally, in silico studies were carried out for bioactive molecules found in parsley leaves using data obtained from in vivo enzyme activity results. It was found that parameters examined for the damaged group, Scop, were reversed by PE and GAL treatment. As a result of in silico studies, it was determined that oxypeucedanin and phylloquinone had higher binding affinity than rutin for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It has been observed that oxidative damage in the small intestine due to AD can be treated by the PE.
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    Moringa oleifera ameliorates oxidative damage caused by sodium valproate in the small intestine
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2026) Coremen, Melis; Ertik, Onur; Magaji, Umar Faruk; Sacan, Ozlem; Bulan, Omur Karabulut; Yanardag, Refiye
    This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) extract against valproic acid (VPA)-induced small intestine damage in rats. Forty-six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Control (saline), MO (300 mg/kg), VPA (500 mg/kg), and VPA + MO. All treatments were administered orally for 15 days. Biochemical oxidative stress analyses revealed that MO treatment mitigated oxidative stress in VPA-treated rats. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that bioactive compounds in MO leaves exhibited potential inhibitory activity against oxidative stress-related enzymes, with high binding affinities. Immunohistochemical results indicated that VPA did not alter antioxidant stress responses such as Nrf2. However, histological examinations showed that VPA caused structural damage to the small intestine, while MO treatment alleviated this effect. Overall, MO exhibited significant protective and antioxidant properties against VPA-induced intestinal injury.
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    Treatment of oxidative damage caused by valproic acid in tongue tissue with ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaves extract and prediction of potential bioactive molecules with molecular docking
    (Springer, 2024) Ertik, Onur; Koroglu, Pinar; Magaji, Umar Faruk; Bulan, Nihal Omur; Sacan, Ozlem; Yanardag, Refiye
    Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a popular medicinal plant that has become a wide research area in recent years due to its detected biological effects and its bioactive compounds. Valproic acid (VPA) is a medication used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder and high doses or prolonged use of VPA can result in oxidative stress in cells. Since M. oleifera has high biological activities and contains many bioactive compounds, it is necessary to understand whether it plays a role in reducing oxidative damage, especially that caused VPA. The relationship between VPA and tongue tissue needs to be investigated, since VPA has negative effects on oral health and it is known that tongue tissue plays an important role in the continuity of oral health. In the present study, 3.0-3.5 month-old female Sprague Dawley rats (160-250 g) were divided into four groups (Control, Moringa, VPA, VPA + M), and VPA was administered via gavage. The aim was to understand the protective/preventive effects of ethanolic M. oleifera leaves extract against oxidative stress through biochemical parameters. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted on niazicin-A, niazimin-A, and niazimin-B found in M. oleifera leaves based on in vivo results. The results indicate that M. oleifera extract treats oxidative damage to the tongue tissue, and niazimin-A and niazimin-B particularly show high binding affinities to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. Further studies may suggest that the use of M. oleifera leaves extract with VPA could prevent potential negative effects on tongue tissue.