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    Boxwood Blight in Turkey: Impact on Natural Boxwood Populations and Management Challenges
    (Inst Forestry Lrcaf, 2017) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. Tugba; Oskay, Funda
    There are approximately 1000 ha of natural populations of Buxus sempervirens, a small evergreen tree widely used in ornamental landscaping, in Turkey. These populations usually occur as an understorey in forests. Since the outbreak of boxwood blight epidemics in the Eastern Black Sea region in 2011 approximately 90% of the trees in the affected areas have died. In this paper we discuss the possibilities to save boxwood in Turkey.
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    Cryptic Risks to Forest Biosecurity Associated with the Global Movement of Commercial Seed
    (Mdpi, 2019) Cleary, Michelle; Oskay, Funda; Dogmus, Hatice Tugba; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Woodward, Stephen; Vettraino, Anna Maria
    The import and export of tree seed carries with it risks of inadvertent introduction of pests and pathogens to hitherto unaffected regions. Although trade in seed of specified trees is regulated, phytosanitary requirements for most tree species are minimal, even those related to the most important forest tree species in a given region. A better understanding of the microbiome associated with seed intended for commercial production or ornamental use, and their potential risk with the transport from the source origin of distributors, will help regulatory agencies implement measures to safeguard seed health and avoid trade-related spread of potentially harmful pathogens. In this study we used high-throughput sequencing to show that highly diverse fungal communities were associated with seed of 14 different Pinus species obtained from seed banks (seed orchards) and retail sources (online distributors) in North America and Europe. Fungal diversity differed among the 23 seedlots tested. Community composition did not relate to the species of Pinus nor the country of origin. Assigned potential functions based on sequence identity using FUNGuild provided an overall understanding of the likely life strategies of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Of those sequences classified to a trophic level, 453 were plant pathogens, with the Dothideomycetes having the highest prevalence. The most common plant pathogens included Sydowia polyspora, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Diplodia intermedia and Diplodia sapinea that were detected from the majority of Pinus species. The evidence presented here illustrates an urgent need for plant protection authorities, practitioners and the general public to recognize the potential risk of introducing harmful pathogens through innocent transport of seed.
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    Cylindrocladium buxicola is Threatening the Native Buxus sempervirens Populations in Turkey - Short Communication
    (Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. Tugba; Oskay, Funda
    Cylindrocladium buxicola is a fungal pathogen of Buxus spp. in Turkey; the pathogen was first noted in 2011 on the native populations of B. sempervirens in forests in Trabzon in the Black Sea region. Surveys conducted in November 2012 revealed a devastating impact of the pathogen on natural B. sempervirens populations, in which the trees were either dead or severely defoliated. The epidemic had spread 3-25 km along the river valleys near the Black Sea coast. Similar river valleys further inland were still free of infection or showed only the very first signs of arrival of the epidemic. The disease has recently been found also in nurseries. All isolates tested belonged to the G1 clade.
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    Occurrence and Genetic Similarity of Diplodia pinea on Shoots and Cones in Seed Orchards of Pinus spp. in North-Western Turkey
    (Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2014) Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, Tugba H.; Kaya, Ayse Gulden Aday; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Oskay, Funda; Kaya, Ozgur Durmus
    Diplodia shoot blight disease can cause significant damage on coniferous trees and be particularly injurious to cones, which reduces the amount of seed production and germination. We investigated the disease severity and genetic variation of Diplodia pinea in one Pinus nigra and two P. sylvestris seed orchards. Disease surveys were carried out in Izmit (Marmara region, Turkey) in May 2012. Symptomatic shoots and cones were examined for the presence of pycnidia. Cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied using cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Based on morphological characteristics and results using species specific primers, the pycnidia on shoots and cones were identified as D. pinea. In addition, Random Amplified Microsatellite Sequence (RAMS) analyses indicated that there was a single genet of D. pinea which caused the disease in the seed orchards. All of the 60 sampled trees were found to be infected by the fungus. There were differences in disease severity among the stands.