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Öğe Characterization and distribution of brominated flame retardants in soils from informal E-waste recycling facilities: insights from Pakistan(Springer, 2025) Kazim, Mureed; Saqib, Zafeer; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Odabasi, Mustafa; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurE-waste, a global environmental concern, particularly affects developing nations due to the rise in informal recycling practices. This leads to contamination of environmental matrices, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. To assess this issue, we monitored brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in 164 samples (soil) from 32 informal e-waste operational locations and 9 background locations across nine mega cities of Pakistan from September 2020 to December 2021. The mean concentrations (ng/g) of & sum;27PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), & sum;2PBB (polybrominated biphenyls), HBB (hexabromobiphenyl), and & sum;HBCDD (hexabromocyclododecane) were 176 ( 0.76-11141), 31.0 (0.65-58.0), 1.39 (0.01-42.8), and 12.0 (0.22-461), respectively. These levels were significantly higher (6 to tenfold) than those at background sites. Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Lahore exhibited high levels of all BFRs. Notably, BDE-209 (mean = 45.5 ng/g) ranged (0.13-1152 ng/g) exhibited higher level in soil samples. Seasonally, total Sigma BFR concentrations (ng/g) ranked higher in winter (11,620), followed by spring (3874), autumn (3139), and summer (1207) indicating a seasonal impact of recycling activities. The average daily dose for soil ingestion (ng/kg/day) was estimated for BDE-209 (0.10973) in Faisalabad, followed by BDE-47 (0.08616) and BDE-99 (0.06788) in Karachi. Our findings showed that these values were lower than RfD values, suggesting no ingestion risk from studied BFRs. However, the growing prevalence of such informal e-waste recycling facilities could lead to increased exposure to toxic chemicals in near future.Öğe Formal E-waste facilities as a source of mercury to air and soil in Turkiye(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Yaman, Baris; Odabasi, MustafaSpatio-temporal variations of mercury concentrations in air and soil were measured near 20 formal e-waste recycling facilities and 8 background locations in 8 provinces in Turkiye between June 2021 and May 2022. Annual average Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in air at the studied formal e-waste facilities averaged 34 ng/m(3) (range from 2.2 to 273 ng/m(3)), exceeding by more than an order of magnitude average levels of 2.2 ng/m(3) (range from 1.6 to 2.6 ng/m(3)) at background sites. Total mercury concentration (THg) concentration in soils near formal e-waste processing facilities of 0.88 mg/kg dw (range from 0.17 and 12 mg/kg dw) similarly exceeded levels of 0.053 mg/kg dw (range from 0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg dw) in background soils. No clear seasonality in air or soil mercury concentrations were observed, possibly due to variations in the magnitude of recycling operations and in the type of consumer products being recycled in different seasons. Indices such as Enhancement Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) used to define pollution degree/classification in studied areas. EF and I-geo values showed that 25 % and 5 % of air and soil samples taken near formal e-waste facilities, respectively, are very strongly polluted (EF and I-geo are > 3). Based on the overall mean I-geo index, 33.75 % of these soil samples are moderately to extremely contaminated (I-geo is greater than 1). Formal e-waste recycling facilities in Turkiye clearly are a source of mercury to the surrounding environment.Öğe Gaseous Elemental Mercury Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Odabasi, Mustafa; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Wania, FrankThe amount of mercury contained in each unit of electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) is low (about 2-10 mg per equipment). However, it is estimated that all the mercury in the annually produced WEEE accounts for about 22% of the world mercury consumption. Facilities focusing on WEEE recycling have grown enormously in recent years and unfortunately some of this e-waste contains mercury or mercury compounds. The mercury may be released into the environment from consumer products during the recycling processes. Additionally, the recyclers themselves face the possibility of mercury exposure. Environmentally sound management of WEEE needs to involve the informal recycling industry which plays an important part in waste management. The global Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg), created recently through the United Nations Environmental Programme, requires its signatories to perform improved atmospheric Hg monitoring and characterization of Hg sources. In this study, we evaluate the gaseous mercury emissions from selected licensed WEEE facilities to the atmosphere in different provinces of Turkey by employing a passive air sampling technique.Öğe Informal E-waste recycling in nine cities of Pakistan reveals significant impacts on local air and soil quality and associated health risks(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Kazim, Mureed; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Saqib, Zafeer; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Iqbal, Mehreen; Nasir, Jawad; Odabasi, MustafaThe global increase in electronic waste (e-waste) has led to a rise in informal recycling, emitting hazardous heavy metals (HMs) that threaten human health and ecosystems. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of HM levels in dry deposition and soils at proximity of forty (40) informal e-waste recycling sites across Pakistan, between September 2020 to December 2021. Findings reveal that Zn (1410), Pb (410) and Mn (231) exhibited the higher mean deposition fluxes (mu g/m2.day), derived from air samples, particularly in Karachi. Similarly, soils showed higher mean concentrations (mu g/g dw) of Mn (477), Cu (514) and Pb (172) in Faisalabad, Lahore, and Karachi, respectively. HMs concentrations were found higher in winter or autumn and lower in summer. In addition, HM levels were significantly (p = 0.05) higher at recycling sites compared to background sites year-round, highlighting the e-waste recycling operations as the major source of their emissions. The Igeo index indicated moderate to extremely contaminated levels of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in Karachi, Lahore and Gujranwala. Ingestion was found as a leading human exposure route, followed by dermal and inhalation exposure, with Pb posing the greatest health risk. The Cumulative Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model suggested moderate to low cancer risks for workers. Strategic interventions recommend mitigating health and environmental risks, prioritizing human health and ecosystem integrity in Pakistan's e-waste management.Öğe Stockholm Convention Flame Retardant Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Odabasi, Mustafa; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Birgul, Askin; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Kara, Melik; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Syed, JabirE-waste processing facilities are hot spots for several chemicals to the environment including flame retardants. The current study investigates certain brominated flame retardants (FRs) emissions to air from selected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing facilities in Turkey by employing passive air sampling technique. As WEEE has been recognized as a potential source of contaminants including flame retardants to the environment, severe environmental pollution and human health problems may arise from these sites if such wastes are not recycled properly. Researches conducted in other parts of the world reported extremely high concentrations of PBDEs in soil, dust, air and biological samples collected nearby WEEE processing facilities. As a signatory to the Stockholm Convention, which is an international agreement to protect human and environmental health from the adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including certain brominated flame retardants, Turkey is obliged to perform improved monitoring and characterization of POPs sources to the environment. As the turnover of WEEE in waste management facilities has grown rapidly in recent years, we think such facilities may act as hot spots of FRs emissions to air. To the authors' best knowledge, the current study aiming to determine the emissions of selected organic brominated FRs to the air from licensed WEEE processing facilities is the first study in Turkey to investigate such an environmental pollution status.
