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    Deep eutectic solvent as plasticizing agent for the zein based films
    (Elsevier, 2024) Yilmaz, Mustafa Tahsin; Kul, Ebubekir; Saricaoglu, Furkan Turker; Odabas, Halil Ibrahim; Taylan, Osman; Dertli, Enes
    This study explores, the impacts of incorporating of deep eutectic solvent (DES) as plasticizer on the characteristics of zein films. Investigation focused on examining the mechanical, thermal, surface, and microstructural properties of zein films that were plasticized using DES. The findings of the study revealed that by adding DES to zein films, there was an observed improvement in transparency. Additionally, it was observed that up to a 20% addition of DES led to a reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP). However, beyond this level, the WVP increased as the surface hydrophobicity decreased. The films that were plasticized with DES showed higher tensile and burst strength values than control. However, there was a decrease in the elongation at break and burst distance, except for the film containing 30% DES. The addition of DES as plasticizer resulted in smoother surface morphology compared to the control, and all films revealed homogeneous and non -porous surface and crosssection microstructure. The films plasticized with DES displayed three different thermal degradation temperatures resulting in higher thermal stability. The FT-IR spectrum of films showed similar backbone structure including Amide I, II and III bands. However, 5% DES plasticized film showed different secondary structural peaks of Amide I band due to lower alpha-helix and higher beta-sheet and random coil content. The findings of this investigation indicate that the employment of DES as plasticizer in biodegradable polymer films can yield enhanced mechanical and barrier characteristics compared to conventional plasticizers, thus demonstrating its potential for effective use.
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    Gelatin extraction from chicken skin by conventional and Ohmic heating methods and comparison with commercial halal gelatins
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Isik, Cigdem; Parlak, Mahmut Ekrem; Demirel, Fatma Tuba Kirac; Odabas, Halil Ibrahim; Dagdelen, Adnan Fatih; Yilmaz, Mustafa Tahsin; Saricaoglu, Furkan Turker
    Gelatin extraction from chicken skins using ohmic heating (OH) is a promising application in the food industry. In this study, the effects of OH parameters (electric field (5, 10, 15, and 20 V/cm) and extraction time (1, 3, and 5 h)) on the extraction yield, physicochemical, functional, rheological, thermal, and microstructural properties of chicken skin gelatin were investigated, as well as comparison with conventional extraction and commercial halal gelatins. Chicken skin gelatins obtained with OH-assisted extraction showed higher ash content resulting in more turbidity than commercial gelatins. OH parameters significantly increased the gelatin yield, and 1 h of OH treatment revealed the highest gel strength amongst the electric field applications, conventional extracted, and bovine gelatin. The melting and gelation temperatures of chicken skin gelatins were higher than bovine gelatin and OH treatment increased the thermal stability. The amino acid composition significantly changed with OH treatment, and total imino acid content, relating to the gelation properties, increased. Functional properties, water and oil binding, emulsifying, and foaming, of chicken skin gelatin were significantly higher than commercial gelatins, and OH treatment significantly increased these properties. Overall, OH extraction of gelatin from chicken skins could be a better option for less extraction time, higher extraction yield, better functionality, and higher thermal stability compared to conventional extraction. It was concluded that chicken skin gelatins extracted using OH have properties that can be an alternative to commercial gelatins, but further purification processes are required.
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    Ohmic Heating (OH)-Assisted Extraction of Bovine Hide Gelatin: Functional and Physicochemical Comparison With Halal Commercial Gelatins
    (Wiley, 2026) Demirel, Fatma Tuba Kirac; Isik, Cigdem Akdemir; Parlak, Mahmut Ekrem; Odabas, Halil Ibrahim; Dagdelen, Adnan Fatih; Saricaoglu, Furkan Turker
    Conventional gelatin extraction from high-collagen tissues requires prolonged thermal processing (8-10 h), resulting in high energy consumption and potential degradation of functional properties. To address this limitation, this study investigated ohmic heating (OH) as an alternative extraction method for bovine hide gelatin. Gelatin was extracted using voltage gradients of 5-20 V/cm for 1-5 h and compared with both conventional extraction parameters and commercial halal gelatins. OH markedly reduced the extraction time to 1-5 h while maintaining a maximum temperature of 70 degrees C, resulting in significantly improved extraction efficiency and higher dry matter and protein contents (p < 0.05). Although gel strength (122.12-176.81 g) was lower than that of commercial bovine gelatin (242.44 g), all OH-treated samples except those extracted at 20 V/cm formed stable gels. SDS-PAGE and compositional analyses indicated that OH induced partial degradation of high-molecular-weight fractions, consistent with the observed gel strength trends. The amino acid profiles, dominated by glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, and the viscoelastic behavior (G ' > G '') were comparable to commercial references. Thermal analyses further revealed sharper melting transitions and higher Delta H values, suggesting improved thermal stability. Microstructural changes in pore size and distribution supported the observed functional differences. Overall, OH-assisted extraction provides an efficient, energy-saving, and thermally controlled approach to gelatin production. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the applicability of ohmic heating for extracting gelatin from bovine hide, underscoring its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional processing methods.