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    Antifungal and anti-toxigenic activities of Origanum onites and Thymus capitatus essential oils and ethanolic extracts against mycotoxigenic fungi isolated from barley
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Dammak, Islem; Hamdi, Zohra; Lamine, Myriam; Hajri, Haifa; Basiouni, Shereen; Ntougias, Spyridon; Lasram, Salma
    With the purpose of identifying biological substances for controlling Aspergillus-caused aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination in cereals, particularly in barley, we assessed the efficiencies of Origanum onites and Thymus capitatus essential oils (EOs) and ethanolic extracts (EEs) under in vitro conditions. NMR and GC-TOF-MS analysis revealed the metabolite profiles with carvacrol being the major component in both EOs, and various terpenes, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, and alcohols in the complex EEs. All tested EOs and EEs completely inhibited mycelial growth, sporulation, and mycotoxin production in vitro, albeit at different concentrations: O. onites EO displayed higher antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activities than T. capitatus EO. Notably, O. onites EO effectively protected barley grains from A. flavus, A. niger, and ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 contamination, during storage when applied via fumigation. Antioxidant activities of EEs were generally higher than those of EOs, with O. onites EE being the most potent antioxidant mixture.
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    Status and Prospects of Botanical Biopesticides in Europe and Mediterranean Countries
    (Mdpi, 2022) Acheuk, Fatma; Basiouni, Shereen; Shehata, Awad A.; Dick, Katie; Hajri, Haifa; Lasram, Salma; Ntougias, Spyridon
    Concerning human and environmental health, safe alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgently needed. Many of the currently used synthetic pesticides are not authorized for application in organic agriculture. In addition, the developed resistances of various pests against classical pesticides necessitate the urgent demand for efficient and safe products with novel modes of action. Botanical pesticides are assumed to be effective against various crop pests, and they are easily biodegradable and available in high quantities and at a reasonable cost. Many of them may act by diverse yet unexplored mechanisms of action. It is therefore surprising that only few plant species have been developed for commercial usage as biopesticides. This article reviews the status of botanical pesticides, especially in Europe and Mediterranean countries, deepening their active principles and mechanisms of action. Moreover, some constraints and challenges in the development of novel biopesticides are highlighted.