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    Application of sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) in dairy wastewater treatment
    (Korean Institute Chemical Engineers, 2019) Ozturk, Arzu; Aygün, Ahmet; Nas, Bilgehan
    Application of lab-scale sequencing batch (SBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) for treatment of dairy wastewater was investigated under organic loading of 1,130-1,560 gBOD(5)/m(3)d. The main characteristics of the dairy wastewater were: pH=4.9, chemical oxygen demand (COD)=16,264 mg/l; biological oxygen demand (BOD5)=10,536 mg/l, PO4-P=342 mg/l; total nitrogen (TN)=224 mg/l. SBBR was filled with the Kaldnes K1 biocarrier at 30% of the volume of empty reactor. The SBR and SBBR were operated in fixed 24 h cycles, each consisting of 30 min fill up, 22 h aeration, 1.5 h settle, 30 min decant, and idle with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 days. Operational parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS), solids retention time (SRT) and sludge volume index (SVI) were monitored during the whole cycle. The effects of these parameters on the COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal were discussed in this paper. As a result, adding biocarrier to the reactor had a positive effect on organic with COD removal of 63.5% for SBR and 81.8% for SBBR and nutrient removal with ammonium removal of 66.0% for SBR and 85.1% for SBBR in treatment of dairy wastewater.
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    Treatment of reactive dyebath wastewater by electrocoagulation process: Optimization and cost-estimation
    (Korean Institute Chemical Engineers, 2019) Aygün, Ahmet; Nas, Bilgehan; Sevimli, Mehmet Faik
    Reactive dyestuff is commonly used in the textile industry. Reactive dyebath wastewater (RDW) was treated with a batch, monopolar, parallel lab scale electrocoagulation process (EC) having 0.042 m(2) effective electrode area. The effects of process parameters, such as initial pH, current density and electrolysis period on COD and color removal efficiency, were investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). At the optimal conditions, 85.8% color and 76.9% COD removal were obtained with 1.84 euro/m(3) operating cost for Al electrode, while 92.0% decolorization and 80.9% COD removal were obtained with 1.56 euro/m(3) operating cost for an iron electrode. The iron electrode was found superior to aluminum as a sacrificial anode material in terms of COD and color removal with low cost. The cost of electrical energy, electrode, and chemical consumptions for electrocoagulation were considered to find an optimum and feasible solution. As a result, the operating cost consists of approximately 2% for energy, 28% for electrode and 70% for chemical consumption for both electrodes. Based upon the data, it is clearly seen that operating cost covers mostly for HCI to adjust pH due to the high pH and alkalinity of RDW, which was neglected in many studies. The first-order reaction kinetics with a higher slope for the color were well fitted, resulting in faster color removal than that of COD for both electrodes.
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    Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential
    (Iwa Publishing, 2020) Nas, Bilgehan; Uyanik, Sinan; Aygün, Ahmet; Doğan, Selim; Erul, Gursel; Nas, K. Batuhan
    The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, 'Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey', in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m(3)/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.