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    Phthalates in PET Bottles: Assessment of Human Exposure and Load to Landfills
    (Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Salihoglu, Guray; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan
    Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles have become an integral part of the packaged water industry, but their release of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) is a threat to human health and to the environment. The omnipresence of phthalates in the environmental compartments results in human exposure via multiple pathways such as dermal, oral and inhalation for prolonged periods. This study aims to investigate the phthalate presence in PET bottles and to assess the health risk of people working in landfills/recycling facilities being exposed to these pollutants through dermal contact. MBP(1604 ng g(-1)) was the most abundant compound detected in PET bottle samples, followed by MEP (1056 ng g(-1)), DEP (413 ng g(-1)), MiPP (216 ng g(-1)), DnBP (189 ng g(-1)), BBP (23.2 ng g(-1)), MDHP (19.5 ng g(-1)), DMiP (16.8 ng g(-1)) and respectively. It is calculated that a total of 200.4, 131.96, 51.66, 23.66, 26.94, 2.443, 2.099 and 2.895 kg of MBP, MEP, DEP, DnBP, MiPP, MDHP, DMiP and BBP, respectively are disposed to the landfills/waste disposal sites through waste PET bottles. Mean concentration based dermal exposure estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values were calculated. THQ values were determined as 0.007, 0.031, 0.113 for BBP, DEP and DnBP, respectively while HI (<1) indicated that the health risk was acceptable for all subjects. However, it is strongly recommended that regular monitoring of phthalates in PET on market shelves should be done to protect the health of consumers as well as to reduce pthalates loads to the environmental compartments.
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    Using hair as a non-invasive matrix to assess the exposure of e-waste workers to selected heavy metals in Pakistan
    (Springer, 2025) Akram, Sumaira; Khan, Said Akbar; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kazim, Mureed; Rehman, Syed Aziz Ur; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan
    Pakistan has become a significant recipient of e-waste, largely due to lower labor costs, lack of local environmental regulations, and less stringent international controls. Limited research exists on e-waste generation, management, and pollution in Pakistan. This study aimed to analyze levels of selected heavy metals in human hair samples from workers at informal e-waste processing facilities in six major cities: Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Peshawar. A total of 150 hair samples were collected from workers aged 15 to 60 years and compared with samples from a control group of individuals who had no exposure to e-waste processing for at least the previous five years. Results revealed higher average concentrations (mu g/kg) of Zn (577) in the hair of e-waste facility workers, followed by Fe (534), Al (265), and Cu (105). Significant age-related differences were observed for Zn, Fe, Cd, and Pb (p < 0.01), indicating these metals are prevalent during e-waste recycling. Notably, Fe, Zn, and Al concentrations were significantly higher in the 56 + age group, suggesting prolonged exposure. Strong correlations (p < 0.01) were found between pairs such as Al-Cu, Al-Fe, Zn-Cu, and Cd-Pb, which can serve as markers of high exposure due to prolonged e-waste recycling activities. In conclusion, hair analysis is a noninvasive, cost-effective method to provide preliminary information on heavy metal exposure in both control and exposed groups. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the correlation between heavy metals in hair, urine, and blood samples of informal e-waste recyclers to establish exposure routes and adverse health effects on metabolic activities.