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    Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents as plasticizers in low-density polyethylene films
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Kucukcakir, Ozgur; Dagdelen, Adnan Fatih
    In this study, the performance of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HbDESs) as plasticizers for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films was investigated, and the results were compared with those of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizers. DESs were produced by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) (hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA) with hexanoic acid (HA) and pentanoic acid (PA) as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) at 1:1 and 1:2 M ratios. The prepared DESs were added to LDPE at two different ratios based on polymer weight (10 % and 30 %), and twin-screw extruder was used for film production. The densities of the plasticizers were determined to be 1 g/cm3 and below, viscosities ranging from 11 to 203 mPa s, the pH was above 1 and the volatility exceeded 0.9 %. FTIR and DSC analyses indicated that bonding interactions between HBA and HBD were established, confirming the successful production of DESs. After adding the plasticizers to the LDPE films at specific rates, the films were characterized based on mechanical, barrier, optical, thermal, molecular bond, microstructural, water behavior properties, and overall migration (OM) analyses. Among the films, the first three with the best properties (CH1:30, CP1:30, and DEHP:30) were identified using the multicriteria decision hierarchy technique (TOPSIS). When comparing the films with DESs to the control group and those with DEHP, significantly better results were achieved in terms of the elongation, barrier performance, light transmittance, and OM values. These findings demonstrate the potential of HbDESs as effective plasticizers in LDPE films.
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    Use of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride, urea, and lactic acid as plasticizers in low-density polyethylene films
    (Wiley, 2025) Kucukcakir, Ozgur; Dagdelen, Adnan Fatih
    This study aims to investigate the performance of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as plasticizers in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films and to compare them with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). DESs were produced by mixing choline chloride with lactic acid and urea in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios. The prepared DESs were added to LDPE at two different ratios (10% and 30%), and films with 10 different compositions were produced by the extrusion method. The densities, viscosities, pH, volatility, and thermal values of the produced DESs were determined between 1.14 and 1.18 g/cm3, 22 and 99 mPa.s, 0.05 and 9.02, 0.7% and 18.9%, and <-70 and 63 degrees C, respectively. When the DESs were examined in terms of their bond structure, it was observed that they could be produced successfully. The LDPE films with DES were characterized by thickness, mechanical, barrier, optical, DSC, FTIR, SEM, water behavior properties, heat sealability, and overall migration (OM) properties. According to the results of some basic analyses performed on the films, the first three films with the best properties (CL1:30, CL2:30, and DEHP:30) were determined using TOPSIS from the multi-criteria decision hierarchy techniques. It was determined that the DES films with the most suitable properties had better properties than the control and DEHP films in terms of tensile strength (10-12 MPa), elongation at break (500%-545%), water vapor permeance (0.03-0.04 g/m2/h/kPa), and oxygen transmission rate (13-14 cm3/m2/day), water contact angle (>99 degrees), and UV light barrier analyses. DES did not cause any change in the DSC and OM values of LDPE films. In general, important results were obtained regarding the use of DES as effective plasticizers in LDPE films.