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    A mixed integer linear programming model for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems: Against restricted mass balances
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Batur, Maliki Ejder; Cihan, Ahmet; Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Bektas, Nihal; Keskinler, Bulent
    Long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems is a complex decision making problem which includes a large number of decision layers. Since all different waste treatment and disposal processes will show different responses to each municipal solid waste component, it is necessary to separately evaluate all waste components for all processes. This obligation creates an obstacle in the programming of mass balances for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems. The development of an ideal mixed integer linear programming model that can simultaneously respond to all essential decision layers including waste collection, process selection, waste allocation, transportation, location selection, and capacity assessment has not been made possible yet due to this important modeling obstacle. According to the current knowledge of the literature, all mixed integer linear programming studies aiming to address this obstacle so far have had to restrict many different possibilities in their mass balances. In this study, a novel mixed integer linear programming model was formulated. ALOMWASTE, the new model structure developed in this study, was built to take into consideration different process, capacity, and location possibilities that may occur in complex waste management processes at the same time. The results obtained from a case study showed the feasibility of new mixed integer linear programming model obtained in this study for the simultaneous solution of all essential decision layers in an unrestricted mass balance. The model is also able to provide significant convenience for the multi-objective optimization of financial-environmental-social costs and the solution of some uncertainty problems of decision-making tools such as life cycle assessment. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Removal of ammonium ions by capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization units
    (Desalination Publ, 2017) Sakar, Hacer; Karataş, Okan; Canbolat, Cigdem Balcik; Keskinler, Bulent; Karagunduz, Ahmet
    In this study, capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) unit cells were used to remove NH4+ ions. The influences of operating parameters such as the applied voltage, the initial ammonium concentration and the flow rate on the effectiveness of ammonium removals were investigated. In addition, the effects of different membrane types on MCDI performances were also studied. The results showed that, the electrosorption performances of CDI and MCDI increased by increasing the initial concentration, flow rate and the applied potential. It was observed that the adsorption capacity of MCDI unit was much higher than that of CDI due to the presence of ion-exchange membranes. MCDI technology may provide better advantages on ammonium removal.