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Öğe Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey(Wiley, 2017) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T.; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Unal, S.; Woodward, S.Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5-74ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmulleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450m(2). One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.Öğe Ceratocystis platani is killing plane trees in Istanbul (Turkey)(Wiley, 2018) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Oskay, F.; Lehtijarvi, H. T. Dogmus; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Pecori, F.; Santini, A.Ceratocystis platani was detected at several locations in the European side of Istanbul, causing severe dieback and mortality, mainly on Platanusxacerifolia imported from Italy approximately 160years ago, but also on Platanus orientalis. In the work reported here, the causal agent of the dieback and mortality was identified based on morphological characteristics in culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, confirming the presence of C.platani in Turkey. All analysed C.platani isolates from Istanbul shared the same ITS sequence with European C.platani strains available in the NCBI, but differed from other species previously ascribed to the Ceratocystis fimbriata species complex. Pathogenicity of C.platani was proven by inoculation onto 25-cm-long and 4-9mm diam. P.orientalis twigs and the causal agent reisolated from symptomatic tissues. In a survey of 976 Platanus in streets and parks of Istanbul, 26.5% of trees showed symptoms of C.platani infections, whilst 5.6% were dead. The proportion of symptomatic trees was higher where management interventions, such as topping or pruning and felling infected trees had been carried out.Öğe First Report of Phytophthora syringae on Cedrus libani in Turkey(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2014) Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, T.; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Jung, T.Cedrus libani, commonly known as Lebanon cedar, is one of the most important coniferous tree species in Turkey. Its main distribution is in the Taurus Mountains in the Mediterranean Region. The total area of pure Taurus cedar forest covers 109,440 ha in Turkey, all located in the southwestern regions of the country. Due to its drought resistance, Taurus cedar has been commonly used for afforestations in these semi-arid areas (1). In September 2011, during surveys for Phytophthora spp. in forest nurseries in Adapazari and İzmir in eastern Turkey, initial symptoms such as death of fine roots, yellowing, and wilting of Taurus cedar seedlings were observed. Soil samples were collected from 10 symptomatic C. libani seedlings and isolation tests for Phytophthora species were carried out using leaflets from young Quercus suber, Azalea sp., and Rhodendron sp. saplings as baits floated over flooded soil. Necrotic baits were blotted dry, cut into small pieces, and placed on selective PARPNH carrot agar. Out growing colonies were subcultured on carrot agar and kept at 12°C for morphological and molecular identifications (2). In total, six Pythiaceous isolates were obtained from the C. libani soil samples. The isolates were investigated using a light microscope and grouped according to their morphological characteristics (3). DNA was extracted from two representative isolates using Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit following the manufacturer's instructions. PCR amplifications and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and the β-tubulin gene were performed using ITS1 and ITS4 and Tub1 and Tub2 primer sets (4). Sequencing of the PCR products in both directions was conducted by IonTek Inc. (Istanbul, Turkey) in an ABI PRISM automated sequencer. The obtained sequences were compared with those in the GenBank and Phytophthora database using BLAST search. On the basis of morphological features and molecular analyses, the two isolates were identified as Phytophthora syringae. Morphological characteristics on carrot agar were identical with the description of P. syringae (2). At 20°C, colonies reached 7 cm in diameter after 1 week. Sporangia were semipapillate to non-papillate, ovoid, with average length of 59 μm (SD ± 2.8) (range 58 to 70 μm). Oogonia were 38 μm (SD ± 5.4) in diameter (range 30 to 47 μm) with paragynous antheridia. The morphological identification was confirmed by sequence comparison at GenBank with 99% homology for both ITS and β-tubulin. The ITS sequences of the two isolates were deposited in GenBank with the accession nos. KF430614 and KF944377. Under-bark inoculation tests with mycelia plugs were conducted with both isolates of P. syringae at 18°C in a growth chamber on a total of six 1-year-old shoots cut from two C. libani trees. Lesions with an average length of 19 mm (SD ± 6) developed after 10 days. P. syringae was consistently re-isolated from the margins of necrotic tissues. Control shoots remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of damage caused by P. syringae on C. libani seedlings in forest nursery in Turkey.Öğe Oomycota species associated with deciduous and coniferous seedlings in forest tree nurseries of Western Turkey(Wiley, 2017) Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Kaya, A. G. Aday; Woodward, S.; Jung, T.; Lehtijarvi, H. T. DogmusOccurrence and pathogenicity of Oomycota species causing root rot were investigated in 10 forest tree nurseries in western Turkey. Soil samples (129 in total) taken from the rhizosphere of symptomatic seedlings were baited for Oomycota using young leaves of Quercus suber, Rhododendron simsii and R.ponticum. Oomycota (178 isolates) were obtained by culturing on selective media, and identified using morphological methods followed by PCR and sequencing of the ITS rDNA and cox1 regions. Phytophthora aff. cactorum, P.citricola sensu lato, P.crassamura, P.syringae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Py.intermedium, Py.irregulare, Py.ultimum and Phytopythium vexans were common amongst the isolates. The highest diversity of Oomycota was found in the forest nurseries at Adapazar-Hendek and zmir-Torbal. Pathogenicity tests showed that the isolates caused lesions on a range of host plants. The importance of these nursery infections in transferring potentially damaging oomycete species to Turkish forests is discussed.Öğe Pathogenicity of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto on coniferous tree species in Turkey(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T.; Erdogan, R. C.; Lehtijaervi, Asko Tapio; Woodward, S.; Kaya, A. G. AdayTwo-year-old seedlings of Pinus brutia, P.brutia var. eldarica, Pinus pinea and 3-year-old seedlings of Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani were inoculated on the lower stem with isolates of Heterobasidion annosum s.s. collected from the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. In total, 315 seedlings were inoculated in April 2014 and incubated in a growth chamber for 7weeks at 18-20 degrees C. All isolates were pathogenic on the seven different hosts and had the ability to grow in living sapwood. The isolates had a greater growth on C.libani, P. sylvestris and P.radiata seedlings compared to plants of the other species tested. The least affected species were P.brutia and P. nigra. The isolates originating from the Black Sea region caused longer lesions on the hosts. Overall mortality during 7weeks of incubation was 4%.
