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    A Proposed Single-Input Multi-Output Battery-Connected DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter for Automotive Applications
    (Mdpi, 2023) Tekin, Hakan; Setrekli, Goknur; Murtulu, Eren; Karsiyaka, Hikmet; Ertekin, Davut
    In the realm of electric vehicles (EVs), achieving diverse direct current (DC) voltage levels is essential to meet varying electrical load demands. This requires meticulous control of the battery voltage, which must be adjusted in line with specific load characteristics. Therefore, the integration of a well-designed power converter circuit is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in generating different DC voltage outputs. In this study, we also consider the incorporation of two additional doubler/divider circuits at the end of the proposed converter, further enhancing its capacity to produce distinct DC voltage levels, thus increasing its versatility. The standout feature of the proposed converter lies in its remarkable ability to amplify DC voltages significantly. For instance, when the input battery voltage is set at 48 VDC with a duty cycle (D) of 0.8, the resulting output demonstrates a remarkable augmentation, producing voltages 18, 36, and 72 times higher than the input voltage. Conversely, with a reduced D of 0.2 while maintaining the input voltage at 48 VDC, the converter yields diminished voltages of 0.1875, 0.375, and 0.75 times the initial voltage. This adaptability, based on the parameterization of D, underscores the converter's ability to cater to a wide range of voltage requirements. To oversee the intricate operations of this versatile converter, a high-speed DSP-based controller system is employed. It utilizes the renowned PID approach, known for its proficiency in navigating complex, nonlinear systems. Experimental results validate the theoretical and simulation findings, reaffirming the converter's practical utility in EV applications. The study introduces a simple control mechanism with a single power switch, high efficiency for high-power applications, wide voltage range, especially with VDC and VMC cells, and continuous current operation for the load in CCM mode. This study underscores the significance of advanced power conversion systems in shaping the future of electric transportation.
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    Design and Implementation of the Python-Driven Digital Horn System: A Novel Approach for Electric Vehicle Sound Systems
    (Mdpi, 2024) Tekin, Hakan; Karsiyaka, Hikmet; Ertekin, Davut
    Electric and hybrid vehicles are known for their significant reduction in road noise. However, concerns have emerged regarding their silent operation, potentially increasing risks for other road users. To mitigate this, the Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) has been mandated by regulations such as R138 by UNECE in the USA and Europe. This regulation dictates the generation of sound in electric vehicles of categories M and N1 during normal, reverse, and forward motion without the internal combustion engine engaged. Compliance involves meeting specific sound requirements based on vehicle mode and condition. This paper introduces a Python-based approach to designing digital horn sounds, leveraging music theory and signal processing techniques to replace traditional mechanical horns in electric vehicles equipped with AVAS devices. The aim is to offer a practical and efficient means of generating digital horn sounds using this software. The software includes an application capable of producing and customizing horn sounds, with the HornSoundGeneratorGUI class providing a user-friendly interface built with the Tkinter library. To validate the digital horn produced sounds by the software and ensure compliance with AVAS regulations, comprehensive electrical and acoustic tests were conducted in a fully equipped quality laboratory. The results demonstrated that the sound levels achieved met the required 105-107 dB/2 m standard specified by the regulation.