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    Inventory development for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in Turkey: challenges to control chemicals in articles and products
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Gedik, Kadir; Weber, Roland; Karademir, Aykan; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur
    Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and related substances have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Countries which have ratified the Convention need to take appropriate actions to control PFOS use and release. This study compiles and enhances the findings of the first inventory of PFOS and related substances use in Turkey conducted within the frame of the Stockholm Convention National Implementation Plan (NIP) update. The specific Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System (HS)) codes of imported and exported goods that possibly contain PFOS and 165 of Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers of PFOS-related substances were assessed for acquiring information from customs and other authorities. However, with the current approaches available, no useful information could be compiled since HS codes are not specific enough and CAS numbers are not used by customs. Furthermore, the cut-off volume in chemical databases in Turkey and the reporting limit in the HS system (0.1 %) are too high for controlling PFOS. The attempt of modeling imported volumes by a Monte Carlo simulation did not also result in a satisfactory estimate, giving an upper-bound estimate above the global production volumes. The replies to questionnaires were not satisfactory, highlighting that an elaborated approach is needed in the communication with potentially PFOS-using stakeholders. The experience of the challenges of gathering information on PFOS in articles and products revealed the gaps of controlling highly hazardous substances in products and articles and the need of improvements.
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    Pre-treatment and utilization of food waste as energy source by bio-drying process
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Mohammed, Mutala; Ozbay, Ismail; Karademir, Aykan; İşleyen, Mehmet
    In this study, three different sets of experiments were conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of initial moisture content and bulking agent on bio-drying efficiency of food waste as well as weight reduction. Results showed that initial moisture content has a significant impact on bio-drying, affecting temperature and water removal rate as well as volatile solid degradation, with higher maximum temperature obtained in Trial 3 (initial moisture content of 44.95 %) and lowest maximum temperature obtained in Trial 1 (initial moisture content of 69.29 %). The bio-drying index indicated that Trial 2 had higher water removal efficiency (72.96 %) with less organics consumption (bio-drying index = 10.1). On the whole, Trial 1, 2 and 3 saw a weight reduction of 54.63 %, 42.56 % and 35.33 % alongside a moisture reduction of 53.26 %, 47.46 % and 64.51 % respectively. This finding suggests that the use of bulking agent has significant effect on the initial moisture content with subsequent impact on bio-drying efficiency which could provide some promising approach to pre-treat organic waste to reduce the moisture content, weight and volume and increase the energy value for solid recovered fuel generation (SRF). (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.