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    Cellulose fibers production from agricultural waste and use as functional cellulose additive in polylactic acid bioplastic films
    (Field Crops Central Research Institute, 2026) Boran, Filiz; Guzel, Nihal; Irmak, Emel Tamahkar; Yasan, Ömer Barışkan; Karaca, Selin; Erbay, Betul Turel
    This study explores a sustainable method for bioplastic production using agricultural waste. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based films were developed by incorporating cellulose extracted from rice husks (RH) and sunflower stalks (SS). The cellulose extraction process achieved an average efficiency of 85% based on total agricultural waste mass. Chemical structures of PLA and composite films were examined using FTIR spectroscopy. All films were flexible and transparent, with pure PLA films exhibiting higher transparency. Such properties make PLA films ideal for packaging, biomedical, and electronic applications due to their lightweight and adaptable nature. Films containing SS-derived cellulose showed slightly greater thickness (0.197–0.232 mm) compared to those with RH cellulose. FTIR analysis revealed interactions between PLA and cellulose, indicated by reduced intensity of the –OH stretching band at 3338 cm-1 and PLA characteristic peaks at 1452, 1748, and 1181 cm-1. These changes suggest hydrogen bonding and limited polymer chain mobility due to conformational adjustments. The spectra of composite films resembled those of PLA and cellulose, confirming enhanced crystallinity and molecular interactions. This is the first comparative study using cellulose from both RH and SS in PLA-based bioplastics, demonstrating their combined potential as sustainable reinforcements for biodegradable materials. © 2026 Field Crops Central Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of Swelling Capacity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Gelatin/Zinc Oxide Hydrogels
    (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2025) Arıkan, Ezgi; Kocabaş, Ecem Çiçek; Nuray, Batuhan; Efecan, Aleyna Tuğçe; Ciğeroğlu, Zeynep; Irmak, Emel Tamahkar
    Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels had great potential in biomedical applications due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and solubility. Gelatin-based hydrogels were significant in the biomedical field for applications due to their high water retention capacity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) presenting high biocompatibility are widely used as an antimicrobial agent. CMC/Gelatin/ZnO hydrogels were developed with different ZnO nanoparticle ratios (0.05%, 0.1%) with further crosslinking using glutaraldehyde (1%, 2%, 2.5%, and 5%). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pH (pH: 5.5; 7.5) on the swelling behaviour of CMC/Gelatin/ZnO hydrogels. The increase in ZnO content resulted in the increase of swelling capacity. The highest swelling percentage (670%) occurred at pH 5.5 with the samples containing 0.1% ZnO. The lowest swelling ratio (467%) was observed at the pH 5.5 with the control group.
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    Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ceragenins Incorporated Into Polyvinyl Alcohol/Gelatin/Sodium Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Treatment of Burn Wounds
    (Wiley, 2025) Aljayyousi, Nawal; Irmak, Emel Tamahkar; Ozer, Elif Tumay; Cinar, Aycan Yigit; Guzel, Cagla Bozkurt; Savage, Paul B.; Osman, Bilgen
    Ceragenins are synthetic molecules that mimic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the human immune system. They feature a bile acid-based structure with appended positively charged groups that disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to microbial cell death or inactivation. In this study, ceragenin CSA-44 was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gelatin (G)/sodium alginate (SA)-based hydrogel (PGA-CSA). The hydrogel was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) for 20 min using a 0.125% GA (v/v) solution. The optimized volume ratios of the polymer solutions in the hydrogel were determined to be 2:1:3 (PVA:SA:G). PGA-CSA and PGA hydrogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The maximum swelling ratio of PGA-CSA was 780.48% +/- 14.80%, and the WVTR value was 905.4 +/- 35.4 g/m2/d. Drug release studies showed a cumulative CSA-44 release of 29.07% over 7 days. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19151, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and MRSA. The tested bacteria were inhibited within 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 h, respectively. The developed PGA-CSA hydrogel demonstrated outstanding potential and unique characteristics as an antibacterial dressing for burn wounds.