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    Assessment of atmospheric concentrations, gas/particle partitioning, cancer risks, sources, and atmospheric transport of PCDD/Fs in a suburban area of Bursa, Turkiye
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Gulegen, Berke; Noori, Abdul Alim; Cindoruk, Sabahattin Siddik; Bigril, Askin; Ozer, Elif Tumay; Tasdemir, Yucel
    Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) are a very high-priority air pollutant group as they pose serious threats to human and environmental health. Most of the PCDD/F research studies have been carried out in urban and industrial areas where these pollutants are expected to be in high concentrations. There are few studies conducted in suburban areas worldwide, especially in T & uuml;rkiye. In this study, a sampling campaign covering 12 months (June 2022-June 2023) was conducted in a suburban area in Bursa, T & uuml;rkiye, to address this gap. The total average concentration was found to be 22.6 +/- 3.21 fg I-TEQ/m(3). This value was found to be comparable to the results reported for suburban and rural areas worldwide. The influence of the seasonal effect on concentrations was seen as a strong negative correlation (r = -0.84, p < 0.001) was observed between total concentration values and temperature. A negative correlation was found between low chlorinated congener gas phase concentrations and inverse ambient temperature using Clausius-Clapeyron. In the study, the performance of 7 different gas/particle partitioning models was evaluated. It was aimed to investigate the factors affecting the gas/particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs by using models based on different parameters. According to their performance, the models were ranked as Harner-Bidleman approximate to Dachs-Eisenreich > Li-Ma-Yang > Junge-Pankow approximate to pp-LFER > QSPR > mp-pp-LFER. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the main pollutant source in the region is traffic emissions. Back trajectory analysis indicated that air masses were transported to the sampling point from the organized industrial zones. Calculated cancer risk values revealed that there would be no significant risk due to inhalation of PCDD/Fs in the area.
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    Atmospheric wet deposition monitoring of PCDD/Fs in an urban site: Fluxes, rain concentrations and washout ratios?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Noori, Abdul Alim; Gulegen, Berke; Birgul, Askin; Tasdemir, Yuecel
    The fate of atmospheric pollutants can partly be explained by deposition phenomena occurring either wet or dry. This investigation reported the wet deposition flux values of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) utilizing a wet deposition sampler (WDS) in a densely populated urban center in T & uuml;rkiye between June 2022 and July 2023. The particulate phase in precipitation was captured on a filter, while the dissolved phase was sorbed onto the XAD-2 resin in the WDS. The experimental findings revealed that the average total PCDD/F (& sum;17PCDD/F) wet deposition flux, measured on a monthly basis, exhibited values of 2030 f 660 pg/m2-day (n = 12) and 397 f 186 pg/m2-day (n = 11) for the particulate and dissolved phases, respectively. These results demonstrated that PCDD/Fs were significantly removed from the atmosphere through rainfall. Among the compounds, the most dominant congener was OCDD (744 f 463 pg/m2-day in particulate and 107 f 45 pg/m2-day dissolved phase). However, regarding TEQ units, the highest flux belonged to 2,3,7,8TCDD (3.9 f 1.2 pg I-TEQ/m2-day for particulate and 4.3 f 3.0 pg I-TEQ/m2-day for dissolved phase). Rainwater samples revealed that & sum;17PCDD/F concentrations in the particulate phase (68.5 f 44.3 pg/L) significantly exceeded those in the dissolved phase (12.4 f 5.7 pg/L). The washout ratios for particulate and dissolved phases were calculated using the rainwater and atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/Fs. These ratios ranged between 1.44 x 104 and 3.76 x 105 for particulate phases and from 8.41 x 103 to 8.75 x 105 for dissolved phases. Consequently, the washout rates of 4- and 5-chlorinated compounds were lower than those of 7- and 8-chlorinated compounds. During the winter months, an increase in the PCDD/F pollution level was observed, leading to higher detections of PCDD/Fs in wet deposition compared to other seasons. However, this situation was not mirrored in the concentrations found in rainwater. The frequency of precipitation and the high volume of rainwater during the colder months resulted in lower concentrations.