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Öğe BPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2025) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThermal papers are a significant source of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenolic compounds (PCs), absorbed through the skin via dermal contact. This study analyzed thermal paper receipts from various commercial settings in T & uuml;rkiye to assess BPA and its structural analogs. For both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated for the general population and workers exposed via dermal contact from handling thermal receipts. The results showed that BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected chemicals (detected in 99% and 100% of samples, respectively) with concentrations ranging from 1.98-1061 mu g per g paper and 0.070-210 mu g per g paper in thermal paper receipts in T & uuml;rkiye, respectively. The EDI of PCs based on the mean concentration determined in the samples for the general population ranged between 0.00000184 mu g per kg per day and 0.000445 mu g per kg per day, whereas it ranged between 0.0000919 mu g per kg per day and 0.022 mu g per kg per day for occupational exposure of workers. The EDI value based on the mean concentration detected in samples was 0.000445 mu g per kg per day and 0.00223 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Exposure to BPS was lower, resulting in exposure values of 0.000039 mu g per kg per day and 0.002 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Although these mean concentration based exposure levels are below the U.S. EPA reference dose (50 mu g per kg per day for BPA), they exceed the more stringent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) total daily intake (TDI) limits set for BPA (0.0002 mu g per kg per day) in some cases, indicating potential health risks. The HQ and HI analyses further underscore the risks, particularly for workers, with HI values surpassing safe thresholds. The study calls for stricter regulations on BPA and its analogs in thermal papers due to the significant risks, even from BPA-free products that use BPS as a substitute.Öğe Levels, distribution, sources and human exposure pathways of alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates in indoor dust in Turkiye(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Babaei, Parisa; Madan, Efsun Nikravan; Gullu, Gulen; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Daglioglu, Nebile; Karakus, Perihan Binnur KurtEnvironmental phenolic chemicals, due to their widespread occurrence and potent estrogenic properties, pose a risk to human exposure. The phenolic organic contaminants alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) are used in various household applications, and they may enter to the environment during production and use, potentially appearing in indoor dust. However, little is known about the levels of environmental phenolics in indoor environments. In this study, five of these compounds namely octylphenol (OP), 4-Octylphenol Monoethoxylate (4-OPME), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (diNPE) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in household dust samples (n = 148) collected from Ankara, the capital of Turkiye. OP and 4-OPME was not present in any of the analyzed samples. The median concentrations of the 148 settling dust samples were 35, 520, and 1910 ng g-1 dust for 4-t-OP, 4-n-NP, and di-NPE, respectively. An assessment of the human (children and adults) exposure pathway to APs and APEs, which are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in residential dust, revealed that it was approximately 3 times higher for children than for adults at both moderate and heavy exposure levels. The association between chemical exposure, house characteristics, and family lifestyle was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model. According to the results of this model, while the high concentrations measured for 4-t-OP were not found to be associated with any of the household parameters, high levels of 4-n-NP and di-NPE were associated with the frequency of house cleaning, repairs made during the previous year, residential type, the number of occupants, flooring materials, and the purchase of new household items within the past year. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure studies for EDCs and mixtures and may offer new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.Öğe Phthalates in diapers: Assessment of dermal exposure of babies and environmental phthalate release(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Tanrikulu, Samiye; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Da?lio?lu, Nebile; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurIn the current study the presence of selected phthalates in diapers used in Türkiye and release of phthalates through baby diapers into waste disposal sites were investigated. Targeted phthalates were analyzed in three different layers of a total of 39 diaper samples sold in the Turkish market. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected in all three layers of diapers. Based on the results obtained, diaper-originated dermal exposure of babies (0–2.5 years) to phthalates and environmental phthalate loading amounts due to disposal of diapers were calculated. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment showed that MOE and MOEtotal values were higher than 1000, indicating that exposure to the phthalates detected in these diapers did not pose a risk for babies. Additionally, the amount of phthalates loading due to the disposal of diapers to the environment ranges from 13.0 to 407 kg year?1 depending on the diaper brand. Based on the estimated number of newborns and infants, the highest phthalate release was estimated to be in Istanbul province (71.6 kg year?1), while, the lowest phthalate release was estimated to be in Tunceli province (0.011 kg year?1). © 2025 Elsevier LtdÖğe Phthalates in PET Bottles: Assessment of Human Exposure and Load to Landfills(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Salihoglu, Guray; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, PerihanPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles have become an integral part of the packaged water industry, but their release of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) is a threat to human health and to the environment. The omnipresence of phthalates in the environmental compartments results in human exposure via multiple pathways such as dermal, oral and inhalation for prolonged periods. This study aims to investigate the phthalate presence in PET bottles and to assess the health risk of people working in landfills/recycling facilities being exposed to these pollutants through dermal contact. MBP(1604 ng g(-1)) was the most abundant compound detected in PET bottle samples, followed by MEP (1056 ng g(-1)), DEP (413 ng g(-1)), MiPP (216 ng g(-1)), DnBP (189 ng g(-1)), BBP (23.2 ng g(-1)), MDHP (19.5 ng g(-1)), DMiP (16.8 ng g(-1)) and respectively. It is calculated that a total of 200.4, 131.96, 51.66, 23.66, 26.94, 2.443, 2.099 and 2.895 kg of MBP, MEP, DEP, DnBP, MiPP, MDHP, DMiP and BBP, respectively are disposed to the landfills/waste disposal sites through waste PET bottles. Mean concentration based dermal exposure estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values were calculated. THQ values were determined as 0.007, 0.031, 0.113 for BBP, DEP and DnBP, respectively while HI (<1) indicated that the health risk was acceptable for all subjects. However, it is strongly recommended that regular monitoring of phthalates in PET on market shelves should be done to protect the health of consumers as well as to reduce pthalates loads to the environmental compartments.
