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Öğe Cargo E-Bike Robust Speed Control Using an MPC Battery Thermal Lumped Model Approach(Assoc Mechanical Engineers Technicians Slovenia, 2024) Genc, Mehmet OnurCargo e-bikes are expected to convey heavy loads in all aspects of daily life. Also, these vehicles are expected to maintain a consistent speed to meet mobility needs while optimizing the battery design. In this paper, a control model is developed to improve rotational speed motor control via the battery model predictive controller (MPC) thermal model designed based on experimental field test data. Experimental field tests are performed to provide the relation between battery surface and ambient temperatures in different road types and weight conditions. For this purpose, in different slope ranges, the pedal load/activity and voltage-current data are logged to use as experimental input in an MPCintegrated 1D model. To obtain the desired thermal conditions in the Li-Ion battery, the MPC battery thermal model is defined based on the thermal lumped model approach. In the next step, the generated MPC model is used as a function for longitudinal speed control in the MPC motor torque control model subjected to uncertain road disturbances. Then, the outputs of the control models are compared using the MPC parameters oc weight factors and prediction horizon. Thus, the speed control model for cargo e-bikes is presented with increased robustness using the MPC battery thermal lumped model approach considering energy and Li-Ion battery life-cycle efficiency methods regardless of driving performance needs.Öğe Data-driven model predictive control using road-based disturbance estimations in longitudinal driving of e-bike(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Genc, Mehmet OnurIn this study, the electric bike is investigated under the data-driven model predictive control (MPC) model approach to develop road disturbance estimation. The focus of the research study is to develop a new control algorithm proposal for cargo e-bikes subjecting to uncertain road conditions in urban transportation. The developed model is proposed for model predictive driving option in e-bikes to provide optimal motor torque operation against predicted road disturbances. The driving profile is designed to simulate urban driving in different road types by considering pedal usage frequency and pedal load measurement in combined drive. Firstly, a datalogger is designed, and the microcontroller is programmed to measure pedal force independently in all road profiles. Road profiles are divided into two groups, pedal-assisted routes and the full electric driving mode, and all range capacities are recorded to make allover comparisons. Road types consist of asphalt and graded gravel at different slope levels. Pedal load statistical relationship based on each route is also indicated, and the road-based difference is also presented. The obtained data are used for data-driven model development in the MPC control model as measured disturbances. The control model then is integrated into the one-dimensional model to provide road estimation. The design of the developed model provides sensorless road disturbance estimation in urban driving. The proposed control model presents an innovative approach for system designing of micro-e-mobility vehicles in optimum longitudinal vehicle control considering the data-driven MPC method.Öğe Development of a digital twin model for electric bikes based on urban experimental driving in full electric mode(Korean Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2023) Genc, Mehmet OnurIn this study, E-bike, called pedelec due to being driven via a pedal and electric excitation is investigated experimentally based on energy consumption at defined urban road profiles under full electrical mode without pedal usage. The digital twin (DT) model is created based on the powertrain system model to estimate the consumed instant electrical power dependend on voltage, current, torque, and road type classifications. To achieve these targets, a data logging system is designed and programmed to measure consumed electrical power as current and voltage inputs. Road profiles are divided into the asphalt and graded gravel at different slope levels. As next step, the obtained energy consumption data is used in powertrain modeling to create physical E-bike model, which is the input for neural network model representing the DT model. This novel test methodology provides the approaches of energy consumption and driving range calculation in E-bike powertrain system modelling.Öğe Impulse Shock Analysis of DMF Timing Ring in Vehicle Curb Crash Condition(Univ Osijek, Tech Fac, 2024) Imer, Caglar; Genc, Mehmet OnurThe design of the powertrain components by considering inertial properties is important for sustainability and lightness. The highest shock impulses cause the instant negative transient torque proportional to the system inertia and acceleration. In this study, the vehicle having the Double Mass Flywheel (DMF) system subjected to a specific curb obstacle is investigated experimentally in an urban driving profile. The LTI (Linear-Time-Invariant) system of the crash mechanism in vehicle systems is presented as one-dimensional and three-dimensional models. The free-body-diagram (FBD) is presented in the curb crash condition, and the obtained equation of motion is then correlated via curb crash analysis and experimental test results. The analysis is performed firstly in curb crash explicit analysis, then the system modeling with the mathematical powertrain model approach is obtained via one-dimensional modeling to find the effective impact torque on the timing ring. Then, the component-based design is analyzed and correlated with real experimental test results. The experimental Timing ring removal test is then correlated with the curb crash explicit model representing the full vehicle. Thus, the obtained minimum Timing Ring slipping torque presents the required urban safety DMF production process needs. The impulse shock analysis of DMF timing ring due to curb crashes is presented, and preventive methods are indicated by considering urban driving profile conditions.












