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    Assessment of Forest Road Networks for Landslide Susceptibility: A Case Study of Northern Forest Area in Türkiye
    (Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry And Wood Technology, 2026) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Akinci, Halil; Kilicoglu, Cem; Aricak, Burak; Dogan, Sedat
    Landslides, which usually occur in mountainous and hilly areas, occur as a result of the soil or rock material forming a slope moving down under the influence of gravity. Forested areas, mostly in mountainous regions, are susceptible to landslides. Forest roads are important infra-structure facilities to protect forest resources and to achieve sustainable management objectives. Forest roads provide many benefits such as facilitating the transportation of wood raw materials, preventing fires and providing access to areas where recreational activities are carried out. How-ever, inappropriately opened forest roads in forest areas cause problems such as landslides, which cause both serious destruction of road networks and serious deformations in forest areas. Land-slide-prone forest roads also cause serious economic losses due to disruption of product transport and road maintenance costs. Within the scope of this study, landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) were produced to determine the relationship between landslides and landslide-causing factors in Hand & uuml;z & uuml; Forest Management Unit of Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry (KRDF) located in the Central Black Sea Region of T & uuml;rkiye. Land use, altitude, slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to forest road, drainage networks and fault, crown closure and lithology were used as conditioning factors in the study. Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) based machine learning models were used to generate LSMs. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) method were used to compare the performance of landslide susceptibility models. In the accuracy assessment using the prediction rate curve, the AUC value was 0.968 for the SVM model and 0.668 for the LR model. The AUC values confirmed that SVM performed much better than LR. In addition, the susceptibility of newly planned forest roads (not currently avail-able in the field) in LSMs were determined in the study. As aresult of the study, it was determined that the most effective factors affecting landslides in Hand & uuml;z & uuml; Forest Management Directorate are distance to forest roads and drainage networks. In the analyses, it was found that 28.28% of the existing forest roads in the LSM produced with SVM and 56.57% in the LSM produced with LR were found to be in >> high<< and >> very high<< landslide susceptible areas. Similarly, 38.43% of the newly planned roads in the LSM produced with SVM and 52.23% in the LSM produced with LR were found to be in >> high<< and >> very high<< landslide susceptible areas. These findings showed that forest roads are the main factor in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Therefore, taking LSMs into account in the planning of forest roads will contribute to re-ducing the damages that may occur in forest areas due to landslides.
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    Developing a Harvest Plan by Considering the Effects of Skidding Techniques on Forest Soil Using a Hybrid TOPSIS-Entropy Method
    (Springernature, 2022) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Aricak, Burak
    The aim of this study was to evaluate skidding techniques, which result in minimal damage to the soil, depending on the slope and stand type. Thus, three skidding techniques with tractor for harvesting (suspended skidding [SS], using a skidding cone [SC], and cable-pulling [CP]) were used in six different study sites and the variations in soil properties were examined at three different slopes (0%-20%, 20%-33%, >33%), 2 different stand types (A, B), and 2 different soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm). Soil bulk density, soil organic matter, soil compaction, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) were determined. The Entropy and TOPSIS methods were used among the multiple-criteria decision-making methods for six different coniferous stands. With the combination of the Entropy and TOPSIS methods, we found that slope was an important factor in determining the preferred skidding technique. Suspended skidding was seen as the preferred method of skidding technique in the 0-20% slope group. For the 20%-33% slope group, the usability of the three methods varied depending on stand type and soil depth, whereas the technique using a skidding cone was found to be the preferred skidding technique in the > 33% slope group.
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    Impact of forestry operations on forest soil respiration depending on stands features in Kastamonu, Turkiye
    (Univ Federal Lavras-Ufla, 2025) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Aricak, Burak
    Background: Harvesting, especially skidding operations have a significant impact on the forest soil properties. This study aimed to advance understanding of how timber harvesting may influence soil respiration in forested ecosystems. We investigated the impact of soil respiration for some of the skidding techniques after skidding operations depending on slope and stand types. Results: We measured soil CO2 efflux to evaluate the skidding techniques on soil, depending on the slope and stand type. Thus, three skidding techniques with tractor for harvesting (1-suspended skidding, 2-using a skidding cone, 3-cable-pulling) were used in 6 different study site and the variations in soil respiration and soil properties were examined at 3 different slopes (0-20%, 20-33%, >33%), 2 different stand types (b-bc, c-cd) at topsoil (0-5 cm). Also soil respiration was measured at intervals of 5 days (on days 1, 5, and 10) after skidding operation. In addition, pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and soil moisture were evaluated depending on slope and stand type in the study. Conclusion: It was determined that respiration increased on the first day but decreased on day 5 and 10. It was found that the slope and stand type have no effect on soil respiration. It was determined that the skidding technique that reduces the soil respiration the most is suspended skidding with a rate of 90%. However, the skidding technique that reduced respiration the least was skidding by using a skidding cone suspended skidding with a rate of 64% when evaluated on day 10.