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    Decarbonization measures in port facilities: determining the most suitable strategies from the natural resource-based view
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Bucak, Umur; Ayaz, Ilke Sezin; Esmer, Soner
    Drawing on the natural resource-based view, this study evaluated decarbonization measures in port areas to determine the most effective strategy. To do so, decarbonization measures in port operations identified from the relevant literature were weighted using Fuzzy AHP. The strategies generated by the natural resource-based view were then considered as perspectives for implementing decarbonization measures in port areas. Finally, these perspectives were ranked using Fuzzy VIKOR. The results showed that green power generation had the highest weight while the sustainable development perspective was the best alternative for facilitating implementation of the operational measures. Based on the findings, this paper discusses appropriate innovations to establish sustainable development in port areas in order to guide port practitioners and theoreticians in addressing environmental challenges in port operations.
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    How to integrate ports into the EU ETS: the CAS approach perspective
    (Emerald Publishing, 2024) Ayaz, İlke Sezin; Bucak, Umur; Esmer, Soner
    Purpose: The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which is already one of the EU's most impactful instruments for reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), will soon include the maritime transport industry. Although ports are this industry's most environmental-friendly component, there are still some barriers to including ports in the system. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify these barriers and to reveal the barriers' interrelationships. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted by identifying barriers from a literature review before analyzing the barriers with the Fuzzy DEMATEL method. Finally, based on the Complex Adaptive System Approach, various solutions are proposed to overcome these barriers. Findings: The identified barriers were grouped into cause-and-effect groups. Two barriers, namely long payback period and high investment costs, were evaluated as triggers of the model while the others were more sensitive to the model. Research limitations/implications: This study only includes the perceptions of green certificated ports in Türkiye. The results revealed an expectation that elimination of financial concerns will alleviate other barriers to including ports in the system. The study's findings can guide port managers on the integration of the managers' processes into the system. Originality/value: This study provides novel findings regarding the relationships between barriers hindering ports from involvement in the EU ETS. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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    Resilience Strategies of Ports against Covid-19 in Terms of Chaos Theory
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Ayaz, Ilke Sezin; Bucak, Umur; Mollaog, Mahmut; Esmer, Soner
    During the Covid-19 pandemic, all sectors experienced chaotic dynamics worldwide. For example, maritime transport, particularly ports as one of its main elements, had to continue operating in this chaotic environment. Ports developed their own strategies to provide resilience against these challenges. However, any study in the related literature has not been reached that reveals resilience strategies of ports by combining literature review and interviews with port practitioners. As a novelty of the study, it was tried to evaluate resilience strategies of ports by grounding chaos theory. Therefore, this study had two aims: (1) identifying the Covid-19 strategies of Turkish container ports; (2) prioritizing these strategies in terms of impact level. First, interviews were conducted with Turkish container port representatives to find out their resilience strategies. These strategies were then validated with a literature review and new ones were detected. Second, separate relation analyses of the strategies were conducted for the interviews and literature. Finally, ports' resilience strategies against Covid-19 disruptions were prioritized using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the port managers' evaluations. Fuzzy AHP is widely used and accepted in the maritime business literature. This method also diminishes inconsistencies and subjective evaluations by employing fuzzy logic. The results showed that 'Control Mechanism', 'Hygienic Measures', and 'Information Exchange' were the most effective resilience strategies. By using chaos theory, this study helped to theoretically clarify the role of port management approaches to the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic. These findings can therefore guide container port practitioners in overcoming pandemic conditions.
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    The principal-agent problem in the inclusion of maritime transport into the EU ETS: Which kind of incentives are best?
    (Elsevier, 2025) Bucak, Umur; Ayaz, Ilke Sezin; Esmer, Soner
    The maritime transport industry has been dramatically impacted by its inclusion into the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The economic and environmental effectiveness of the system depends on maritime transport companies' rapidly adapting to EU ETS regulations. However, there may be a principal-agent problem between the main EU ETS bodies and the maritime transport industry. This study proposes an incentive system to enable shipping companies to rapidly adapt to the EU ETS and solve potential problems during the process. To develop the proposal, the study identified from the literature, and then qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, potential incentives for shipping companies regarding the industry's position in the EU ETS, and collected data from experts working in shipping companies. The study was subjected to qualitative analysis based on literature using the MAXQDA 24 software, which enabled the visualization of relationships between incentives. Furthermore, the Best Worst method was employed to analyze the perceptions of experts on incentives quantitatively, with the objective of determining the most and worst favorable ones. The findings revealed various conflicts between the perceptions of researchers in the literature and selected experts working in shipping companies. Moreover, the analysis detected a principal-agent problem between shipowners and ship brokers regarding their expectations from incentives.