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Öğe Controlled release of the anti-cancer drug 5-Fluorouracil from bentonite-loaded chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite films(Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, 2022) Akal, Mürit; Demirdere, Muhammed Emre; Ünlü, DeryaControlled release, on the contrary traditional treatment, means the gradual release of a substance from a system in order to maintain its concentration in a medium over a period of time. In drug release systems, the controlled release of the drug to the diseased area has importance in terms of treatment and toxicity. Especially drugs with high toxic properties such as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have an important place in controlled drug release technology. In order to complete the treatment successfully, it is important to develop controlled drug release systems to eliminate the possible side effects of anticancer drugs such as 5-FU and to increase the therapeutic effect. The aim of this study is to develop a unique biodegradable and biocompatible bionanocomposite film for the controlled release of 5-FU. For this purpose, bentonite loaded chitosan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite films were synthesized using solution casting and solvent evaporation techniques. The chemical bond structure of the bionanocomposite films and the effect of bentonite addition on the amine and hydroxyl groups in the structure were determined by Fourier transform infrared. Morphological properties and compatibility of polymers and bentonite were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. The degree of sorption of the bionanocomposite films was evaluated by swelling tests. As the bentonite content in the nanocomposite film increased from 5% to 25%, the sorption degree of film increased from 2.99% to 65.05%. In addition, the effects of bentonite addition of the synthesized bionanocomposite films and pH of medium on the 5-FU loading and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. Controlled release studies were carried out by using 5-FU loaded nanocomposite films. The obtained results showed that the usage of bentonite in nanocomposite drug carrier films were improved the release properties. After four days, a release value was obtained as 40.12% at pH=7.4 in the 5 wt. % bentonite loaded films.Öğe İlaç Endüstrisi Atık Sularından İzopropanolün Pervaporatif Geri Kazanımı(Bayburt University, 2021) Demirdere, Muhammed Emre; Akal, Mürit; Ünlü, DeryaBu çalışmada ilaç endüstrisi atık suyundan izopropanolün membran destekli ayırma prosesi pervaporasyon ile geri kazanımı amaçlanmıştır. İzopropil alkol, birçok ilaç sentezinde çözücü olarak kullanılmaktadır. İzopropanolün ilaç endüstrisi atık sularından geri kazanımında karşılaşılan bazı zorluklar vardır. Bunlar, ağırlıkça % 12 su içeren bir izopropanol / su karışımının azeotrop bir karışım oluşturması, daha düşük su içeriğinde ise yakın kaynama noktalarına sahip ayrılması zor karışımların elde edilmesidir. İzopropanolün bu tür atık sulardan geri kazanılmasında dehidrasyon önemli rol oynar. Bu çalışmada dehidrasyon işlemi için membran destekli ayırma prosesi olan pervaporasyon kullanılmıştır. Polivinilpirolidon/Selüloz Asetat blend membranı kullanılarak suyun karışımdan uzaklaştırılması sağlanmıştır. Membranlar çözeltiden döküm ve solvent buharlaştırma tekniği kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Polivinilpirolidon/Selüloz Asetat membranın kimyasal bağ yapısı FTIR ile analiz edilmiştir. Membranların morfolojik yapıları ise SEM analizleri ile belirlenmiştir. Blend membrandaki polivinilpirolidon miktarının ve besleme su konsantrasyonunun membranın ayırma performansına etkisi incelenmiştir. Yüksek su adsorpsiyon kapasitesine sahip Polivinilpirolidon/Selüloz Asetat blend membran ile daha yüksek oranda, başarılı bir dehidrasyon işleminin gerçekleştiği, atık sudan izopropanolün pervaporasyon prosesi ile başarılı bir şekilde geri kazanıldığı görülmüştür. Optimum proses koşulları %5 Polivinil pirolidon yüklü membran ve ağırlıkça % 12 besleme su konsantrasyonu olarak belirlenmiş ve bu koşullar altında elde edilen akı ve ayırma faktörü değerleri ise sırasıyla 0.95 kg/m2.h ve 104'tür.Öğe Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Loaded Chitosan/ Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Bionanocomposite Films and Usage of Controlled Release of Anti-Cancer Drug 5- Fluorouracil(Osman SAĞDIÇ, 2021) Akal, Mürit; Demirdere, Muhammed Emre; Ünlü, DeryaControlled drug release systems have attracted a lot of attention in recent years in order to minimize the amount of drug used, to extend the period of taking drugs, and to eliminate the side effects that may occur during treatment. The main aim for using drug release is to provide a more effective treatment method. In this study, bionanocomposite films were synthesized for controlled drug release. Chitosan and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose were used as biobased polymers. The release performances of graphene oxide loaded films were investigated by drug loading on the films. The anticancer drug 5-Fluorouracil was chosen as the model drug. Chemical bond structures of the synthesized films were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Compatibility, miscibility and distribution of the added additives were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM analysis). The water swelling tests were performed because of the importanece of the degree of swelling of the films in drug release. As the amount of graphene oxide increased, the degree of swelling initially increased and then tended to decrease. While a swelling degree of 321.68% was observed in the 20% graphene oxide loaded chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite film, it was 248% in the 30% graphene oxide loaded chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite film. The drug encapsulation efficiency increased slightly as the amount of graphene oxide increased. The highest drug encapsulation efficiency was obtained as 69.90% in 30% graphene oxide loaded chitosan hydroxypropyl methylcellulose bionanocomposite film at the end of the 12 hours. The percentage of drug release in the same film was obtained as 9.87% at the end of 4 days. The best drug release medium was determined as pH=7.4. The results obtained showed that the synthesized films could be improved and the percentage of drug release could be increased by increasing the amount of graphene oxide.
