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    Effect of alkyl ketene dimer on chemical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) hybrid composites
    (Elsevier, 2022) Angin, Naile; Caylak, Sena; Ertas, Murat; Cavdar, Ayfer Donmez
    In this study, the influence of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) on the chemical and thermal properties of natural fiber (NF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites was investigated. The hybrid PLA composites were manufactured by extrusion technique followed by hot press molding. The thermal properties of the composites were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heat deflection temperature (HDT) and thermal conductivity tests. In addition, the hybrid PLA composites were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the relationship between AKD and NF. The crystallinity degree of NF/GF/PLA (10/20/70) was improved to 54.4% with the addition of AKD, which was 18.4% higher than that of the neat PLA. However, the degradation temperatures of the hybrid PLA composites did not change by adding AKD. The HDT of the hybrid PLA composites decreased with the addition of AKD depending on filler type. Although, GF had no a significant influence on thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of the GF/PLA (30/70) composites decreased to 0.092 W/mK by adding AKD. In the light of findings, the fact that AKD did not have adversely effect on the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of biocomposites increased the potential of AKD usage as a compatibilizer in PLA matrix.
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    Incorporation of cerium oxide into hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite scaffolds for bone repair
    (Univ Novi Sad, Fac Technology, 2022) Mutlu, Busra; Caylak, Sena; Duman, Seyma
    This study reports on the production of chitosan-based composite scaffolds reinforced with hydroxyapatite (HA) powders prepared with cerium oxide (CeO2) with various concentrations (10, 20, 30 wt.%). Besides, the effect of CeO2 additive on the microstructural, mechanical and bioactivity properties of the composite scaffolds was investigated. The CeO2 reinforced HA powders were synthesized having homogenous particle distribution via spray drying process. The synthesized powders and the produced scaffolds were examined using different characterization methods. From the results, it can be seen that the scaffolds were significantly affected by amount of CeO2 additive. An increase in the compressive strength is observed as the amount of CeO2 additive rises. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds possessed a high mineralization ability of apatite in simulated body fluid (SBF). These observations related to the composite scaffolds have considerable potency for application in bone tissue engineering.
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    Mechanical characteristics and hydrophobicity of alkyl ketene dimer compatibilized hybrid biopolymer composites
    (Wiley, 2021) Caylak, Sena; Ertaş, Murat; Cavdar, Ayfer Donmez; Angin, Naile
    In this study, the effect of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) on the mechanical and physical properties of natural fiber (NF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were investigated in detail. The hybrid PLA composites were manufactured by extrusion method followed by hot press molding. AKD was used to improve the hydrophobicity of hybrid PLA composites and compatibility of NF and PLA in the polymer matrix. The tensile and flexural tests, thickness swelling, water absorption, and contact angle measurements were accomplished for determining the performance of the hybrid PLA composites. The surface morphology of the hybrid PLA composites was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of AKD and NF into PLA matrix improved the mechanical strengths by 40% and above compared to those of samples without AKD. But, tensile and flexural moduli decreased as 7% and 14% of the samples with NF and AKD, respectively. Contact angle was higher for the hybrid PLA composites with AKD compared with the composites without AKD. However, the results revealed that in the presence of GF, AKD had no significant effect on overall properties of the hybrid PLA composites. In the light of the findings, AKD may have a potential usage as coupling agent in the NF filled PLA composites.
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    Thermal and electrical behaviors of activated carbon-filled PLA/PP hybrid biocomposites
    (Elsevier, 2023) Angin, Naile; Ertas, Murat; Caylak, Sena; Fidan, Muhammed Said
    Activated carbon-based composites are prominent thanks to their unique surface properties, high thermal and mechanical stability, and good electrical performance. They are also used to produce special-purpose hybrid composites in strategic sectors such as defense, military, microelectronic, and medical industries. Hence, this study was expected to enlighten the thermal and electrical effect of activated carbon (AC) on polylactic acid (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) hybrid biocomposites and determine the possible advantages of using compatibilizers in hybrid biocomposites between natural fiber and polymer matrix. AC was produced by combining chemical (pre-activation) and thermal activation (pyrolysis) techniques. The AC-filled hybrid PLA/PP biocomposites were manufactured by extrusion process followed by hot-press molding. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal conductivity analysis, and electrical resistivity were conducted to measure the thermal behaviors of the biocomposites. The results showed that the crystallization temperatures (Tc) of the hybrid biocomposites increased by about 5 degrees C with the addition of AC to the biocomposite blend. The thermal insulation properties of hybrid biocomposites were up to 40% higher performance compare to virgin polymers due to the porous nature of AC and natural fiber. The hybrid composites conduct electricity slightly by adding AC to the PLA/PP polymer matrix. Thanks to adding a compatibilizer to the composite, a filling effect on porosity was observed and electrical conductivity improved by up to 66% in some samples.