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    Characterization and antibacterial activity of gelatin–gellan gum bilayer wound dressing
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Özkahraman B.; Özbaş Z.; Bayrak G.; Tamahkar, Emel; Perçin I.; Kılıç Süloğlu A.; Boran F.
    Bilayer wound dressing systems consisting of various biopolymers have been preferred in biomedical applications due to its enhanced advantages in comparison with conventional systems. The aim of this research was to develop a novel bilayer wound dressing based on gelatin (G) and gellan gum (GG). The bilayer was composed of an upper layer impregnated with antibiotic drug sodium ampicillin and a drug-free lower sponge layer. The bilayer hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM analyses including swelling behaviors and hydrolytic degradation tests. To achieve faster healing of the wound by prevention of the bacterial infection, the bilayer hydrogels were developed as antibiotic-releasing vehicles. Herein, release study of sodium ampicillin was performed in PBS to simulate the physiological micro-environment. Additionally, cyto-compatibility tests of L929 fibroblast cells showed the high proliferation and survival through drug-loaded GG and G hydrogels (GG-G-D) after 24h, 48h and 72h incubation. This novel GG-G bilayer hydrogel could be a good candidate as wound dressing.
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    Poly(vinyl alcohol)/(hyaluronic acid-g-kappa-carrageenan) hydrogel as antibiotic-releasing wound dressing
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Özbaş Z; Özkahraman B.; Bayrak G.; Kılıç Süloğlu A.; Perçin I.; Boran F.; Tamahkar, Emel
    The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of ampicillin-loaded hydrogels based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hyaluronic acid (HA) and kappa-carrageenan (K-Carr) as an antibiotic-releasing wound dressing. Firstly, the novel polymers (HA-g-K-Carr) were synthesized by grafting of HA onto K-Carr using 4-dimethylaminopyridine/1-(3-dimethylaminopyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride as catalyst system via esterification reaction. The characterization of the polymer structure was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis. Secondly, PVA/(HA-g-K-Carr) hydrogel with/without loading of ampicillin molecules was formed via freeze–thawing method since PVA/K-Carr and PVA/HA hydrogels were also fabricated as control groups. The hydrogels were subjected to characterizations with FTIR and X-ray diffractometer. PVA/(HA-g-K-Carr) hydrogel demonstrated the highest swelling amount and highest ampicillin release amount reaching an equilibrium value after 480 min rather than the other hydrogels. Also, PVA/(HA-g-K-Carr) hydrogel exhibited inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and no cytotoxic effect for L929 cells. All the results showed that PVA/(HA-g-K-Carr) hydrogels are good candidates for wound dressing applications.