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    DINOFLAGELLATE CYST ASSEMBLAGES IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF SOUTHWESTERN BLACK SEA AND CANAKKALE STRAIT (DARDANELLES)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Aydin, Hilal; Balcı, Muharrem; Uzar, Serdar; Balkis, Neslihan
    In order to document the distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, eight surface sediment samples were collected in surface sediments from southwestern Black Sea and Canakkale Strait. A total of 25 cyst types and 1 unknown cyst type were identified. Samples displays low total cyst concentrations with values ranging from 8 to 346 cyst g(-1) dry weight sediment. Autotrophic dinoflagellates highly and significantly contributes (p<0.01) to the total cyst concentration. Lingulodinium machaerophorum, cyst type of Alexandrium minutum and Spiniferites bulloideus were dominant at the sampling points. Higher cyst concentration and diversity observed at stations in Black Sea could be linked to the type of sediment. Small-sized sediment (sand-silt) were mostly dominant at the Black Sea stations compare to the more sandy type sediment of Canakkale Strait. Present study provides the first modern dinoflagellate cyst records from surface sediments of southwestern Black Sea and Canakkale Strait.
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    Dinoflagellate resting cysts in recent marine sediments from the Gulf of Gemlik (Marmara Sea, Turkey) and seasonal harmful algal blooms
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Balkis, Neslihan; Balcı, Muharrem; Giannakourou, Antonia; Venetsanopoulou, Amalia; Mudie, Petra
    Thirty-four dinoflagellate cyst taxa were found in surface sediment (0-2 cm) at five stations (60-100-m water depth) in the Gulf of Gemlik, Marmara Sea, during four seasons from August 2011 to May 2012. Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Operculodinium centrocarpum and Selenopemphix quanta dominated cyst assemblages in the polluted gulf, where nutrient-rich surface water was stratified during most seasons and bottom water was hypoxic. Twelve cyst taxa were incubated and produced motile cells that reproduced and survived 14-15 days. Highest cyst species number (33) occurred in summer; maximum number of cysts (living and empty) per cm 3 wet sediment was in spring, with the annual range from 1520 (fall) to 108,000 (spring). Nine taxa (Brigantedinium simplex, L. machaerophorum, O. centrocarpum, S. quanta, Spiniferites mirabilis, Spiniferites ramosus, cysts of Alexandrium sp., Scrippsiella trifida and S. trochoidea) were found in all seasons at all stations. The harmful dinoflagellates L. machaerophorum and cysts of S. trochoidea and Alexandrium sp. were the most abundant species. The cyst of the toxic species, Cochlodinium sp., is reported for the first time from Turkey. Other HAB species included A. tamarense, Protoceratium reticulatum, Heterocapsa triquetra and Gymnodinium catenatum/nolleri. Relative abundance of potentially toxic dinoflagellates (74%-92% of total cysts cm(-3)) was always higher than nontoxic species, and percentage abundance of cysts cm(-3) produced by autotrophs (19/34 total species) almost always exceeded those of heterotrophs. Although distributions of the resting cyst taxa were significantly influenced by surface temperature, dissolved oxygen and total water depth, surface salinity was the strongest predictor for cyst occurrences.