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    Urban Environmental History of Ankara in the 19th Century: Challenges, Connectivity, Expansion
    (2021) Aslan, Saliha
    The aim of this study is to write a comprehensive urban environmental history of Ankara in the 19th century within the contexts of the diverse contingent challenges, connectivity of challenges and spaces, and the expansion of the city. The diverse urban environmental challenges faced by Ankara were the influential and determinant factors in the processes of ensuring spatial and conceptual connectivity and the city’s expansion. The concept of “connectivity” is reproduced for both challenges and spaces. A nested, wrapped, and intertwined conceptual connectivity is established among diverse urban environmental challenges such as defense, changing circumstances, wars, immigration, fatalities, drought, famine, and external dynamics. The spatiality in the city and a complex connectivity among spaces could also be established through the situations that arise from such challenges, which have also led to the current and further expansion of the city. Spatial formations of spaces, including military barracks, planned and organic neighborhoods, graveyards, linear extensions such as roads and the railway at the periphery of the city, as well as immigrant settlements in the hinterlands, provided a spatial integrity and spatial transition between the city and its hinterlands. The contribution of this study to the literature is not only to explore the urban environmental history of Ankara, but also to reveal the city’s connectivity and expansion through the building, conceptualizing, and deciphering of diverse challenges, spatiality of sites, and the connectivity of spaces and challenges.