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    The impact of energy sources on carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden: ARDL bounds test analysis
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Artekin, Ayse Ozge; Kalayci, Salih
    The increasing population and the environmental problems caused by this population have caused the demand for energy resources to increase rapidly, and this has become one of the most critical issues for many countries today In this context, the number of countries aiming to become 'carbon neutral' by creating climate policies and making emission commitments in meeting energy demand is increasing rapidly. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of selected energy sources on CO2 and the connection between these variables using the ARDL Bounds Test Approach and the Toda-Yamamoto technique between 1990 and 2022 for Sweden, which is known for its goal of being carbon neutral in the near term. Given the results, the findings indicate that hydroelectric energy, oil and renewable energy variables have a long-term and substantial impact on carbon dioxide emissions. A 1% elevates in hydroelectric energy and oil variables led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of 0.55% and 0.04%, respectively. In addition, a 1% increase in renewable energy variable decreases carbon dioxide emissions by 0.73%. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality from hydroelectric energy to CO2, coal and natural gas, and a unidirectional linkage from CO2 and renewable energy to natural gas are observation in the study. A bidirectional relationship from oil to natural gas and a unidirectional relationship from natural gas to coal are found. Based on these findings, renewable energy should be encouraged and fossil fuel use should be reduced for environmental sustainability. Also, for the efficiency of hydroelectric energy, natural resources should be preserved. © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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    The Linkage between Truck Transport, Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions within the Scope of Green Deal Action Plan: An Empirical Investigation from Turkiye
    (Hard, 2024) Kalayci, Salih; Artekin, Ayse Ozge
    This study aims to investigate the transportation literature through questions with both the methods used and the econometric findings obtained by several analyses. In this context, CO2, GDP, freight transport (truck transport) and trade openness are considered as variables by performing multivariate regression, Johansen, Phillips-Ouliaris, Engle- Granger co-integration, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and ARDL tests. According to results of econometric analysis truck transport, trade openness, economic growth caused environmental degradation and there is a stable long-run relationship among variables. All econometric models clearly confirm each other as empirically. The priority area in transportation is the reduction of emissions in road transportation, which has the largest share in greenhouse gas emissions. The steps to be taken at the global level in this field will accelerate the spread of hybrid and electric vehicles all over the world. The market share of electric vehicles is increasing day by day with the widespread use of electric vehicle technologies in recent years and many countries in the world turning to this new technology. With the interest in electric vehicles, it is observed that battery systems compatible with vehicles, engine systems, especially charging station systems have been developed, thus new market areas have emerged. Establishing the necessary infrastructure to achieve this transition is of great importance, and for this purpose, strategy development and planning activities for the development of electric vehicle and charging infrastructure should be aimed to be carried out to reduce carbon emissions. It is seen that there is also a feedback effect between the trade openness and CO2 emissions. Trade openness also affects economic growth by encouraging industrialization. Economic growth will also lead to an increase in energy demand. Similarly, insufficient energy supply will hinder economic growth by affecting exports and imports, and as a result, energy consumption will decrease. In this way, the Green Deal Action Plan will be a roadmap that is compatible with the transformation policies taking place in the world economy, especially in the EU, that encourages green investments, contributes to the transformation of global value chains, and thus supports value-added production. Thus, the green deal action plan can achieve the stated objectives.
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    Towards sustainable growth: The role of trade openness and urbanization in Türkiye's energy-driven environmental challenges
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2025) Artekin, Ayse Ozge; Kalayci, Salih
    This manuscript investigates the interplay between energy dynamics, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, offering a comprehensive analysis of T & uuml;rkiye's long-term ecological and economic trends. In this sense, the research elaborates the long-run linkage among natural gas import, energy usage, economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and ecological footprint (EF) by implementing the Johansen cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) analysis, nonlinear distributed lag autoregressive model (NARDL) model, and wavelet analyses from 1980 to 2022 for T & uuml;rkiye. Furthermore, when the contributions and novelties of this paper to the existing academic literature are considered, time series models comprehending the Johansen cointegration test, FMOLS analysis, and NARDL model point out the long-run relationship between natural gas import, economic growth, and EF, which is confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for T & uuml;rkiye in short term. Considering the coefficients of the FMOLS model, 1% increases in gross domestic product increases EF by 0.1972% and a 1% increase in natural gas import increases EF by 0.0369% as negatively. In addition, according to FMOLS test, it should be stated that a 1% increase in energy use increases EF by 0.7600%. When all remaining independent variables are examined deeply and thoroughly, there is a long-term positive effect between them. Empirical findings reveal that natural gas imports (p = .0428) and energy consumption (p < .0001) are major contributors to ecological degradation. Conversely, urbanization (p = .3999) demonstrates potential for mitigating environmental pressure in the long term. The study highlights the need for transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable urban development practices. These findings emphasize the importance of aligning economic growth with ecological sustainability through targeted policy interventions. Unlike previous studies that predominantly concentrate on renewable energy with CO2 emissions, this paper dissimilarly highlights the overlooked environmental effects of natural gas imports. These insights not only expand the understanding of Turkiye's energy and environmental dynamics but also challenge the common perception of natural gas as an eco-friendly energy source. To sum up, the research includes empirical results which patronizes the necessity for a transition to renewable resources and cleaner technologies to mitigate environmental costs.