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Öğe Assessment of Forest Road Networks for Landslide Susceptibility: A Case Study of Northern Forest Area in Türkiye(Zagreb Univ, Fac Forestry And Wood Technology, 2026) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Akinci, Halil; Kilicoglu, Cem; Aricak, Burak; Dogan, SedatLandslides, which usually occur in mountainous and hilly areas, occur as a result of the soil or rock material forming a slope moving down under the influence of gravity. Forested areas, mostly in mountainous regions, are susceptible to landslides. Forest roads are important infra-structure facilities to protect forest resources and to achieve sustainable management objectives. Forest roads provide many benefits such as facilitating the transportation of wood raw materials, preventing fires and providing access to areas where recreational activities are carried out. How-ever, inappropriately opened forest roads in forest areas cause problems such as landslides, which cause both serious destruction of road networks and serious deformations in forest areas. Land-slide-prone forest roads also cause serious economic losses due to disruption of product transport and road maintenance costs. Within the scope of this study, landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) were produced to determine the relationship between landslides and landslide-causing factors in Hand & uuml;z & uuml; Forest Management Unit of Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry (KRDF) located in the Central Black Sea Region of T & uuml;rkiye. Land use, altitude, slope, aspect, plan and profile curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to forest road, drainage networks and fault, crown closure and lithology were used as conditioning factors in the study. Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) based machine learning models were used to generate LSMs. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) method were used to compare the performance of landslide susceptibility models. In the accuracy assessment using the prediction rate curve, the AUC value was 0.968 for the SVM model and 0.668 for the LR model. The AUC values confirmed that SVM performed much better than LR. In addition, the susceptibility of newly planned forest roads (not currently avail-able in the field) in LSMs were determined in the study. As aresult of the study, it was determined that the most effective factors affecting landslides in Hand & uuml;z & uuml; Forest Management Directorate are distance to forest roads and drainage networks. In the analyses, it was found that 28.28% of the existing forest roads in the LSM produced with SVM and 56.57% in the LSM produced with LR were found to be in >> high<< and >> very high<< landslide susceptible areas. Similarly, 38.43% of the newly planned roads in the LSM produced with SVM and 52.23% in the LSM produced with LR were found to be in >> high<< and >> very high<< landslide susceptible areas. These findings showed that forest roads are the main factor in the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Therefore, taking LSMs into account in the planning of forest roads will contribute to re-ducing the damages that may occur in forest areas due to landslides.Öğe Developing a Harvest Plan by Considering the Effects of Skidding Techniques on Forest Soil Using a Hybrid TOPSIS-Entropy Method(Springernature, 2022) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Aricak, BurakThe aim of this study was to evaluate skidding techniques, which result in minimal damage to the soil, depending on the slope and stand type. Thus, three skidding techniques with tractor for harvesting (suspended skidding [SS], using a skidding cone [SC], and cable-pulling [CP]) were used in six different study sites and the variations in soil properties were examined at three different slopes (0%-20%, 20%-33%, >33%), 2 different stand types (A, B), and 2 different soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm). Soil bulk density, soil organic matter, soil compaction, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) were determined. The Entropy and TOPSIS methods were used among the multiple-criteria decision-making methods for six different coniferous stands. With the combination of the Entropy and TOPSIS methods, we found that slope was an important factor in determining the preferred skidding technique. Suspended skidding was seen as the preferred method of skidding technique in the 0-20% slope group. For the 20%-33% slope group, the usability of the three methods varied depending on stand type and soil depth, whereas the technique using a skidding cone was found to be the preferred skidding technique in the > 33% slope group.Öğe Effect of Timber Harvesting Techniques and Slopes on Soil Respiration of Young and Mature Black Pine Stands in Northwestern Turkiye(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Genc, cigdem Ozer; Sariyildiz, Temel; Aricak, BurakReleases of CO2 from forest soils was studied relative to different timber harvesting techniques, slope classes, and stand age. Three timber harvesting techniques (suspended skidding (SS), skidding by using a skidding cone (SC), and cable-pulling (CP)) were used in young and mature black pine stands at three different slopes (0 to 20% - S1, 20% to 33% - S2, and > 33% - S3). Soil respiration measurements were carried out at five-day intervals (1st, 5th, and 10th day) and 6 months later after the timber harvesting techniques. The soil respiration increased on the first day, decreased on the 5th and 10th days, and reached its lowest level on the 6th month. The SC technique in the young stands showed the highest soil respiration value on the slopes indicating that the cone placed on the head of the log during the skidding operations does not deform the soil. In the mature stands, all timber harvesting techniques and the undisturbed sites showed lower values than in the young stands on the S1. On the S2, mean value was higher in the mature stands. In contrast to the young stands, the undisturbed stands had the highest soil respiration.Öğe Expanding the Accessible Forest Areas by Improving Forest Road Standards and Utilizing Mobile Fire-fighting Teams(Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2024) Kasap, Caner Yavuz; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Aricak, Burak; Bilici, Ebru; Uçar, Zennure; Erkan, Neşat; Guney, Coskun OkanIn Turkiye, insufficient technical standards of the forest roads limit the speed of the fire truck, leading to increase in the arrival time of the initial response team to the fire areas. Improving forest road standards will increase the design speed and expand the accessible forest areas within the critical response time. In this study, the effect of improving forest road standards on expanding accessible forest areas was investigated. Considering the forest areas in Antalya Forestry Regional Directorate in Turkiye, accessible areas by the stationary initial response teams (103) and mobile teams (71) were determined from the existing road network, and then, the possible increase in the accessible forest areas was investigated when the road standards are improved. Within the scope of the study, the impact of mobile teams used in emergencies on forest areas reached during the critical response period was also evaluated. According to the results, in the scenario where current road standards and stationary teams were evaluated, it was determined that only 59.54% of the forest areas could be reached by initial response teams during the critical response time. When the road standards were improved, this rate increased to 71.69%. On the other hand, when the current road standards and stationary and mobile teams were evaluated together, it was determined that initial response teams could reach 70.40% of the forest areas during the critical response time, and if road standards were improved, this rate increased to 78.17%. Also, utilizing mobile teams increased the accessible forest areas within the critical response time by 9.03%. The results have shown that improvements in road standards and the presence of mobile teams have a very effective role in combating forest fires. © Copyright 2024 by Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform on-line at https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejfe.Öğe Impact of forestry operations on forest soil respiration depending on stands features in Kastamonu, Turkiye(Univ Federal Lavras-Ufla, 2025) Genc, Cigdem Ozer; Aricak, BurakBackground: Harvesting, especially skidding operations have a significant impact on the forest soil properties. This study aimed to advance understanding of how timber harvesting may influence soil respiration in forested ecosystems. We investigated the impact of soil respiration for some of the skidding techniques after skidding operations depending on slope and stand types. Results: We measured soil CO2 efflux to evaluate the skidding techniques on soil, depending on the slope and stand type. Thus, three skidding techniques with tractor for harvesting (1-suspended skidding, 2-using a skidding cone, 3-cable-pulling) were used in 6 different study site and the variations in soil respiration and soil properties were examined at 3 different slopes (0-20%, 20-33%, >33%), 2 different stand types (b-bc, c-cd) at topsoil (0-5 cm). Also soil respiration was measured at intervals of 5 days (on days 1, 5, and 10) after skidding operation. In addition, pH, EC (electrical conductivity), and soil moisture were evaluated depending on slope and stand type in the study. Conclusion: It was determined that respiration increased on the first day but decreased on day 5 and 10. It was found that the slope and stand type have no effect on soil respiration. It was determined that the skidding technique that reduces the soil respiration the most is suspended skidding with a rate of 90%. However, the skidding technique that reduced respiration the least was skidding by using a skidding cone suspended skidding with a rate of 64% when evaluated on day 10.Öğe Possible Change in Distribution Areas of Abies in Kastamonu due to Global Climate Change(Kastamonu Univ, 2024) Erturk, Nihat; Aricak, Burak; Sevik, Hakan; Yigit, NurcanAim of the study: In the process of global climate change (GCC), the migration mechanism needed especially for forest trees must be provided by humans. For this purpose, contrary to the previous studies, detailed studies to be carried out on small areas are needed. Area of study: In the present study carried out in Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry, which performs the highest level of wood production in Turkiye, it was aimed to specify the actual distribution areas of the Abies and the change in their suitable distribution areas due to GCC. Material and methods: In this study, besides the existing distribution areas and the potential future distribution areas, also the suitable distribution areas were determined by using SSP 126, SSP 370, and SSP 585 scenarios for the years 2040, 2070, and 2100 for Abies at Kastamonu. Main results: The results achieved there showed that, depending on the results of climate change, distribution areas of Abies populations would change in the future and this change would be in form of an increase in general. Research highlights: This species (Abies) seems incapable of keeping up with such changes without human intervention. Thus, considering the study results, it is recommended to make necessary amendments to the forest management plans.Öğe Potential Changes in the Suitable Distribution Areas of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in Kastamonu Due to Global Climate Change(Aves, 2024) Erturk, Nihat; Aricak, Burak; Yigit, Nurcan; Sevik, HakanThe present study aims to determine the current distribution areas of Fagus orientalis Lipsky and the changes in suitable distribution areas due to global climate change within the borders of Kastamonu Forest Regional Directorate of Forestry. In the present study, the current suitable distribution areas of Fagus orientalis and the suitable distribution areas in the years 2040, 2070, and 2100 according to socioeconomic pathway 126, socioeconomic pathway 370, and socioeconomic pathway 585 scenarios were determined. The study results indicate that the suitable distribution areas of Fagus orientalis populations in Kastamonu will change depending on the effects of climate change and that the change will be in the form of an increase in general.Öğe Recent Advances in UAV-Based Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry for Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage Estimations in Forestry(Springer Nature, 2023) Gülci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Aricak, Burak; Sariyildiz, TemelDue to economical, ecological, and social changes over the last decade, managers and researchers in nature-based disciplines intend to use both traditional and innovative remote sensing (RS) technologies for best management practices. RS, which has grown interest in forestry, offers rapid and reliable assessment tool to monitoring and observing. Several successful studies in literature have indicated that the RS use in forestry is light the way of the most effective evaluating various forest ecosystems. Recent developing unmanned aerial platforms play as a low-cost and inexperienced user-based multi-image processing by using computer vision techniques for forestry studies. Forests, where are essential natural resources for the future, are the pool of biomass and carbon storage, and they need periodical monitoring to sustain. A sustainable management of carbon balance and biomass in mountainous forests includes exhausting effort in field-based studies. However, the RS as a tool for study on biomass and carbon storage can be received as the most effective prediction and nondestructive method in combination with structure-from-motion techniques. Considering recent opportunities in data science and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), RS and photogrammetry in forestry have still played an indispensable role in the evolution of forests. This chapter aims to review the recent advanced knowledge on the progress of the use of UAV technologies in accordance with advanced photogrammetry-related applications in the quantification of forest aboveground biomass and carbon storage. A comprehensive literature search has been performed on the use of UAV-based SfM photogrammetry for UAV-based forest biomass and carbon storage studies. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Shifts That May Appear in Climate Classifications in Bursa Due to Global Climate Change(Aves, 2024) Aricak, Burak; Cantuerk, Ugur; Koc, Ismail; Erdem, Ramazan; Sevik, HakanGlobal climate change (GCC) is defined as a process that is considered the most crucial problem of the current century and will affect all living things and ecosystems in the world. In order to specify the potential impacts of this phenomenon, which does not seem possible to stop, it is necessary first to predict the change in climate types. Therefore, the current study aimed to define the shift of climate classifications (according to De Martonne, Erin & ccedil;, and Emberger climate category) in 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 for Bursa, one of the largest cities in T & uuml;rkiye, according to the SSPs 245 and SSPs585 scenarios, and compare it with its current situation. As a result, it was determined that the climate types in Bursa province would change significantly and primarily manifest as a shift into arid climate types. It is recommended to take precautions on a sectoral basis to avoid the devastating effects of GCC.Öğe Spatial Modeling of Transport and Resources Accessibility for Protecting Forest Ecosystems Against Forest Fires(Springer Nature, 2023) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Podolskaia, Ekaterina S.; Aricak, BurakForest fires are inevitable events that cause negative impacts on forests and threaten the sustainability of forest resources. For effective combating against forest fires, the ground teams should arrive at the fire scene in critical response time in which the possibility of extinguishing the fire is very high. Road networks, including public and forest roads, are the main structures that ensure ground access to the forest resources for management and protection purposes. A network analysis method is effectively used to solve complex transportation problems. Most recent advances in computer technology and geographical information system (GIS) tools with network analysis-based modules have made it possible to develop GIS-based decision support system (DSS) for solving such transportation problems. Network analysis features of proprietary and open source software provide managers with effective methods to define the fastest fire-access route and accessible forested areas by ground teams considering the critical response time. The new route and closest facility methods under Network Analyst tool of ArcGIS software assist fire managers to search for the optimum route that minimizes the travel time of the ground team to the fire. A new service area, which is a well-known method under Network Analyst, is used to evaluate accessibility of the forest areas by the ground teams. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the previous studies, conducted on the spatial modeling of transport and accessibility for the forest resources based on the specific GIS modules. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe State of the Art on Airborne LiDAR Applications in the Field of Forest Engineering(Springer Nature, 2023) Aricak, Burak; Wing, Michael Gilbert; Akay, Abdullah EminManaging forest resources in large landscape can be a highly time- and resource-consuming task requiring significant amounts of data collection in the field. Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most effective remote sensing technologies for data collection and is capable of providing quick and accurate 3D point clouds from which vegetative cover and the ground surfaces can be discerned. LiDAR-based 3D point clouds and derivative products are used in a number of forestry activities including forest inventory and management, forest operations, fire modeling and biomass and carbon storage estimations. In particular, high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) produced from point clouds can assist forest engineers in performing harvesting planning and forest road design. Also, LiDAR-produced tree lists can be mapped on a DEM and can be used for planning of landing areas, skid roads, and cable corridors. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview to the use of LiDAR technology in the field of forest engineering is discussed by reviewing previously conducted studies. Firstly, basic principles of operating LiDAR technology are provided, and then the progress and opportunities of using LiDAR technology in various forest engineering applications are presented. These applications include 3D forest road design, road geomatics, road construction, earthwork allocation, forest transportation, forest operation, sediment prediction, and logging impact assessment. The results derived from these previous studies suggested that LiDAR technology has the potential to offer highly reliable and accurate 3D surface data when compared to the estimations of ground-based surveys. Thus, airborne LiDAR is a rapidly developing technology which provides a great potential for efficiently performing forest engineering activities quickly and accurately over large landscape areas. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
