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    An overview of polymer foam technologies with a focus on polylactic acid, polypropylene, and polyamide 6-based materials
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2026) Tuna, Sibel; Akkoyun Kurtlu, Meral
    Polymer-based composite materials are widely used in a number of engineering applications owing to their light weight, mechanical strength, chemical resistance and versatility in design. Using these materials in foam form offers several additional advantages, including reduced density, improved heat and sound insulation, and increased impact resistance. In the contemporary era, intensive research is being conducted into the evaluation of petrochemical-based polymers, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 6 (PA6), and biopolymers, particularly polylactic acid (PLA), in foamed composite structures. Furthermore, hybrid systems formed by the combination of these different polymer types offer great potential for balancing environmental sustainability and performance. This review discusses the general structure, foam formation mechanisms, production techniques and basic properties of polymer-based foam composite materials. Prominent polymer-based systems, such as PP, PA6 and PLA, were examined comparatively. Additionally, contemporary methodologies concerning hybrid foam systems formed by PLA with PP and PA6, as presented in the existing literature, were evaluated.
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    Chemical foaming of polylactic acid/polypropylene and polylactic acid/polyamide 6: Evaluation of changes in their properties
    (SAGE Publications Ltd, 2024) Tuna, Sibel; Akkoyun Kurtlu, Meral
    Most of the polymers made from fossil fuels end up as waste material and this environment-damaging situation has revealed the need to take some precautions such as the use of eco-friendly, biodegradable materials obtained from renewable sources as an alternative. Biopolymers are being evaluated as alternatives to traditional polymers especially in the automotive industry due to their better-understood properties such as mechanical and physical behavior through the studies conducted. On the other hand, when the literature studies are evaluated, it can be seen that the production of foam materials, which are focused on lightness and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission limitations that are important and essential for the automotive sector, is an area that is also researched and studied for biopolymers. Several studies are carried out with both physical and chemical foaming agents on this subject in recent years. In this study, it is aimed to develop light, environmentally friendly, high-performance polylactic acid (PLA) based polymeric composite foams that can be used in the automotive industry by using twin screw extruder and compression molding methods. For this purpose, polyamide 6 (PA6) and polypropylene (PP) polymers were used with PLA and by adding 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.% and 2 wt.% chemical blowing agents to the polymer mixtures, the physical, thermal, mechanical, morphological properties and changes in these properties were investigated. The most suitable chemical blowing agent ratio was found to be 1.5 wt.% for PLA/PP and PLA/PA6 mixtures. © The Author(s) 2023.
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    Effect of coupling agent on polylactic acid/polypropylene and polylactic acid/polyamide 6 foam composites
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Tuna, Sibel; Akkoyun Kurtlu, Meral
    The main part of polymer materials generated from fossil fuels do not degrade after completing their usage life and then begin to be waste in the environment. This situation has led to the emphasis on environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and bio-based polymers obtained from renewable sources as an alternative. In recent years, several studies are concentrated on especially lightweight and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission limitations. In this work, the goal was to investigate at the same time environmentally friendly and lightweight polymer foam composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) polymer without lowering the performances of the materials. In this aim, polymer foam composites containing polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA6) and PLA were produced (PLA/PA6 (30:70) and PLA/PP (30:70)) with a chemical blowing agent (CBA) introduced at 1.5 wt.% to the polymer mixture. To improve the interpolymer compatibility and foaming activity maleic anhydride-grafted polylactic acid (PLA-g-MA) was utilized as coupling agent (CA) in different ratios (1, 3 and 5 wt.%). From the evaluation of the polymer mixtures in terms of their lightness, thermal and mechanical strength, the most appropriate CA ratios were determined as 1 wt.% for foamed PLA/PP (30:70) mixtures and 3 wt.% for foamed PLA/PA6 (30:70) mixtures. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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    Synergistic Effect of Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash on the Properties of Polyamide 6
    (Wiley, 2026) Akkoyun Kurtlu, Meral; Tuna, Sibel
    The use of waste products such as ground-granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA) as fillers in polymer matrices is a relatively new approach. Polymer composites prepared with BFS and FA can be suitable candidates for applications requiring electrical insulation properties due to their improved mechanical properties, wear resistance, and thermal resistance, as well as their low electrical conductivity. The aim of this work is to investigate the synergistic effects of BFS and FA on the final structural, thermal, mechanical, morphological, and electrical conductivity properties of polyamide 6 (PA6), a thermoplastic polymer widely used in the plastic industry. When BFS/FA-added PA6 composites prepared at ratios of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.% using twin screw extruder and compression molding methods were characterized, the physical interactions were observed at the intermolecular level. A general decrease in tensile strength values with increasing BFS/FA content was obtained. BFS/FA particles were homogeneously dispersed in the PA6 matrix, but a weak interaction occurs at the filler-matrix interface. Concerning the electrical conductivity results, the use of BFS/FA fillers in PA6 composites improved the electrical conductivity values as intended, but the interfacial compatibility should be increased in applications requiring mechanical performance.