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Öğe Algılanan Ebeveyn Şiddeti, Cinsiyetçilik ve Kadına Yönelik Flört Şiddetine İlişkin Tutumlar(Lut TAMAM, 2022) Ünal, Özge; Vargün, Gamze Er; Akgün, SerapBu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlerinden gördükleri şiddetin ve kadına yönelik cinsiyetçi tutumlarının erkeğin kadına uyguladığı flört şiddetine yönelik tutumları ile ilişkilerini incelemekti. Bu amaçla 18-28 yaş aralığındaki 351 (201’i kadın, 150’si erkek) üniversite öğrencisinden veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılara Flört Şiddetine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği, Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği ve çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlerinden gördükleri fiziksel ve psikolojik şiddete yönelik soruların yer aldığı bir ölçek bataryası uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların fiziksel, psikolojik ve cinsel flört şiddetine yönelik tutumlarının yordayıcılarını belirlemek için üç ayrı hiyerarşik regresyon analizi yürütülmüştür. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizinin sonuçlarına göre, katılımcıların cinsiyeti, psikolojik ve cinsel flört şiddetine yönelik olumlayıcı tutumlarını yordamıştır. Bu bulguya göre, erkek üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik ve cinsel flört şiddetine yönelik tutumları kadın üniversite öğrencilerine kıyasla daha olumludur. Yürütülen analizlerde katılımcıların çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlerinden gördükleri fiziksel şiddet, fiziksel flört şiddetine yönelik olumlayıcı tutumları olumlu yönde yordamıştır. Cinsiyetçi tutumların flört şiddetine yönelik tutumlar ile ilişkisi incelendiğinde, kadına yönelik düşmanca cinsiyetçiliğin psikolojik, fiziksel ve cinsel flört şiddetine yönelik olumlayıcı tutumları; kadına yönelik korumacı cinsiyetçiliğin ise fiziksel flört şiddetine yönelik olumlayıcı tutumları pozitif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak bulgular, kadına yönelik cinsiyetçi tutumların ve çocukluk döneminde görülen ebeveyn şiddetinin flört şiddetine yönelik olumlayıcı tutumlar üzerindeki rolüne dikkat çekmektedir. Flört şiddetine yönelik tutumları yordayan değişkenlerin belirlenmesi, romantik ilişkilerdeki flört şiddetini önlemeyi amaçlayan müdahale çalışmaları için önemli görünmektedir.Öğe Altruistic punishment in intergroup context(Springer, 2024) Ünal-Koçaslan, Özge; Akgün, SerapExperimental studies in the literature have shown that individuals are willing to sacrifice their own resources to punish free-riders even if there is no possibility to get reward for this behavior. The aim of the current study is to examine whether individuals have preferences to punish violators when the punishment is costly for themselves and to test whether this preference is affected by social categorization (i.e., ingroup-outgroup settings). For these aims we conducted two experiments. In both studies the Third-Party Punishment Game was used. Study 1 in which a 2 (distributor’s identity: ingroup vs. outgroup) x 2 (recipient’s identity: ingroup vs. outgroup) x 2 (fairness: equal vs. unequal) within-subjects design was used consists of 38 participants and Study 2 in which a mixed design was used consists of 174 participants. It was found in both studies that participants spent higher amounts to punish unfair players than fair players. Additionally, in Study 2 participants were found to prefer to altruistically punish the perpetrator more harshly when the victim was an ingroup member. The findings suggest that individuals attempt to maintain cooperative behavior norms by engaging in costly punishment of selfish individuals, regardless of their group membership. However, the stricter reactions to unfairness directed to an ingroup member show that participants favor ingroup members over outgroup members in line with the social identity literature. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.Öğe Conflict resolution styles as predictors of marital adjustment and marital satisfaction: an actor-partner interdependence model(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Unal, Ozge; Akgün, SerapThe aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of marital adjustment on the relationship between conflict resolution styles and marital satisfaction in terms of actor and partner effects. It was hypothesized that the marital adjustment mediates the effect of conflict resolution styles on marital satisfaction. One hundred and fifty-five married couples participated in the study. Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Relationship Satisfaction Scale were used to collect the data. The hypotheses were tested using Actor Partner Interdependence Model (Kenny et al.,2006). According to the results, both wives' and husbands' positive problem-solving styles predicted their own marital satisfaction via marital adjustment. In addition, husbands' positive and negative problem-solving styles predicted both their own and their wives' marital satisfaction through marital adjustment.Öğe Maternal hostility, moral reasoning and sharing in children(Springer, 2024) Er-Vargün, Gamze; Akgün, SerapMaternal hostility is a risk factor for children’s prosocial behavior. However, the mediating mechanisms underlying the relation between maternal hostility and children’s sharing behavior remain unknown. The present study primarily aimed to examine the relations among moral reasoning, maternal hostility, and sharing behavior during early and middle childhood. The sample consisted of 206 children (91 boys, 115 girls) aged between 4 and 9 years old (M = 84.27 (month), SD = 16.86) living in Turkey. Children’s sharing behavior was measured by the number of stickers they gave to other children in the dictator game. Children’s moral reasoning abilities were evaluated with several questions asked after reading four stories containing moral violations. Lastly, children’s perceptions of hostile behaviors of their mothers were evaluated with the Child-Puppet Interview. The results of the mediation analysis conducted with structural equation modeling showed that the relationship between maternal hostility and children’s sharing behavior was fully mediated by children’s moral reasoning abilities. Maternal hostility was negatively related to children’s moral reasoning, and children’s moral reasoning was found to be positively linked with sharing. The findings showed that hostile behaviors of mothers towards their children impaired children’s moral reasoning abilities and, in turn, decreased sharing. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.Öğe Relationship of Conflict Resolution Styles in Marriage with Marital Adjustment and Satisfaction(Lut TAMAM, 2022) Ünal, Özge; Akgün, SerapThis review focuses on the relationship between spouses’ conflict resolution styles and marital happiness, firstly the conceptualizations of marital satisfaction and marital adjustment were defined and their differences were discussed. Prior studies show that marital adjustment and satisfaction are two concepts related to marital happiness but need to be separated from each other. Then, the relationships between spouses’ approaches to their marital conflicts and their marital happiness were considered in this review. Conflict is a natural part of all marriages but the couples’ approaches to marital conflicts may lead to constructive or destructive outcomes for their relationships. One of the most important goals of many intervention programs developed for distressed couples is to provide spouses with the ability to resolve their conflicts constructively. Findings showed that constructive conflict resolution (considering conflict as a social problem that could be solved with cooperation, striving to satisfy the needs of both parties, and finding out solutions together) leads to an increase in marital satisfaction and marital adjustment. Destructive behaviors with hostile intentions focused on self-interest (physical and verbal aggression and oppression) seem to be negatively related to marital adjustment and satisfaction. Besides these negative coping behaviors, it will be beneficial for spouses to gain awareness of behaviors such as submission, protective buffering, and underestimating the coping capabilities of the partner with an overprotective attitude, which are not based on hostile intentions in dealing with problems but can have devastating consequences in the long term.Öğe The Relationship Between Moral Foundations and Emotions(ISTANBUL UNIV, FAC LETTERS, DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, 2023) Yaşar, Melike; Akgün, SerapMoral foundations theory posits six moral foundations that guide moral judgment, namely, care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity, and liberty. The theory states that the violation of fairness promotes anger, while doing so for sanctity elicits feelings of disgust. Meanwhile, violation of care is associated with anger toward the perpetrator and compassion for the victim. Only a few empirical studies test the propositions of the theory on the relationship between the violation of moral foundation and emotions, which were conducted in western culture. The current study investigates the relationships between moral transgressions and emotions in a nonwestern culture. It also examined feelings toward perpetrators and victims in the face of moral violation. In the pilot study conducted to determine the relevant scenarios to be used in the research, 187 participants evaluated whether or not the behaviors described in 52 scenarios were morally wrong and to report their feelings in these situations. The main study analyzed the participants' moral judgment, feelings toward moral violations, emotional reaction toward victims and perpetrators, and decisions on the punishment of perpetrators using the 12 moral violation scenarios identified in the pilot study. Toward this end, data were collected from 72 participants. To test whether the emotion experienced during the violation of one moral foundation is higher than that experienced in the violation of another, the study conducted a 2(gender) x 6(moral foundations) factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of moral foundations that involved repeated measures. The result indicated that violations of the foundations of justice and care were morally viewed as more wrong than those of other foundations. However, the findings pointed out that emotions guide moral judgment, and feelings toward victims and perpetrators differ accorrding to the violated moral foundations.
