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Öğe Analysis of a feller-buncher productivity: A case study of whole-tree harvesting from marmara region, Turkey(Editura Silvica, 2021) Gülci N.; Yüksel K.; Serin H.; Bilici E.; Akay, Abdullah EminIn fully mechanized forest harvesting systems, tree felling activities are mostly performed by using harvesters or feller-bunchers. In some regions of Turkey, where terrain conditions and stand characteristics are suitable, fully mechanized harvesting systems have been recently practiced by some of the logging contractors as private forest industry demands for large amounts of forest products throughout the year. Thus, performances of these newly practiced harvesting systems should be carefully analyzed in order to implement productive and cost-effective mechanized harvesting systems. In this study, productivity of whole-tree harvesting using a feller-buncher was investigated based on stand parameters including tree height, DBH, and volume. The DBH of the felled trees were divided into four classes (i.e. very small: 16-19 cm, small: 20-23 cm, medium: 24-27 cm and large: 28-31 cm) to investigate the effects of various DBH class on the time consumption of cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. To estimate productivity of feller-buncher in harvesting operation, multiple linear and polynomial regressions were also developed and discussed after the interpretation of diagnostic plots. The results indicated that the average productivity of the feller-buncher was 74.96 m3/h which was closely related with tree height (r = 0.63), DBH (r = 0.67), and volume (r = 0.67). The average moving time was the most time-consuming stage (60%), followed by cutting (29%) and bunching stages (11%). It was found that DBH classes caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on the time spent on cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. The cutting time and productivity increased from very small to large diameter classes, while bunching time increased from very small to small diameter and then medium diameter to large diameter classes. Polynomial regression had a positive impact on the performance of the estimation model of manually field-measured data based on the error parameters.Öğe Analyzing dynamic curve widening on forest roads(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2017) Akgul, Mustafa; Demir, Murat; Akay, Abdullah EminForest roads require important design specifications to ensure all-season access for various vehicles. Long and heavy log trucks can face serious maneuvering problems on forest roads due to insufficient amount of area to the left for road widening on horizontal curves. In order to provide safe and continuous shipment and transportation, appropriate curve widening areas should be provided for long vehicles along horizontal curves. In this study, a statistical model was developed to provide curve-widening solutions for long trucks (e.g., those with 18 wheels) considering various curve radius and deflection angles. The dynamic curve widening feature of Plateia 2013 program was employed to calculate curve widening for the specified vehicle. During the solution process, nine different horizontal curve diameters from 10 to 50 m (by 5 m intervals) and 17 different deflection angles from 90A degrees to 170A degrees (by 5A degrees intervals) were evaluated to run horizontal curve-widening analysis. Using a multiple regression model, we made suitable predictions about curve widening. The curve-widening areas decrease as the horizontal curve radius increases, while increasing the deflection angle on horizontal curves increases curve widening areas. Clearly, the computer-based dynamic curve widening model developed in this study can be effectively used in determining optimum widening for horizontal curves by evaluating the number of alternatives that fit geometrical specifications and vehicle types.Öğe Assessing the effects of site factors on the productivity of a feller buncher: a time and motion analysis(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2019) Bilici, Ebru; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Abbas, DaliaWe evaluated, for the first time in Turkey, the productivity of a feller buncher during clear-cut operations of two Brutian pine stands located in Canakkale, northwestern Turkey with different diameter classes and terrain conditions. In the first stand with 24.6cm average DBH, the feller buncher cut full trees and moved them to roadside. In the second stand with 34.3cm average DBH, the feller buncher cut trees in two stages due to their larger diameters and the relatively steep and rough terrain conditions of the site. The effects of specific stand features, DBH and tree height measurements were assessed through statistical analysis in relation to productivity. The results indicate that the average productivity for the first stand was about 118m(3)h(-1), while it was about 80m(3)h(-1) in the second stand. Even though tree diameter and volume were higher in the second stand, productivity decreased by 32.3% due to extra time spent on the two-stage cutting operation. The results revealed that harvesting operations should be planned carefully and the right equipment selected by accounting for different tree sizes, terrain conditions and machine specifications in order to better understand their effects on production.Öğe ASSESSING THE EXPOSURE OF CHIPPER OPERATORS TO WOOD DUST IN A ROADSIDE LANDING AREA(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Gulci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Spinelli, Raffaele; Magagnotti, NatasciaDue to recent high emission values and increasing public demands for renewable energy, many countries have promoted biomass use instead of fossil originated fuel consumption. Wood chipping operation is one of the most popular biomass processing techniques. In recent years, there has been an interest in using mechanization in forestry, especially in wood chipping in Turkey. There are very limited number of studies on the productivity of wood chipping operations in Turkey, and the potential effects of operation and work environment on chipper operators have not been studied properly. In particular, wood dust exposure may result in serious occupational illness such as lung cancer, asthma, skin and eye irritations. This study investigated exposure of a wood chipper operator to wood dust during a chipping operation at the roadside landing. To measure dust exposure, a low-cost dust sensor mounted on the operator helmet was used, and real-time recorded measurements were examined statistically. The study showed that during the chipping operation in the open area, the operator was exposed to a dust density of 6.04 mg/m(3) over the 8 hours time average, which was above the legal limits of 5mg/m(3). Inhalable dust particle density averaged 0.055 mg/m(3) for each truck load produced. Although these figures were within the range reported by previous wood dust exposure studies conducted on chipper operators, exposure was still above the legal limit and may cause serious health problems. Thus, chipper operators should be instructed to use personnel protection equipment in order to prevent occupational disease.Öğe An assessment of conventional and drone-based measurements for tree attributes in timber volume estimation: A case study on stone pine plantation(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Gülci S.; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Gülci N.; Taş, İnançThe use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a useful tool in forestry studies is increasing rapidly. The level of accuracy in UAV-supported measurement data has been increasing in the field of forestry. Recently, biophysical and morphological tree information has been calculated using the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data. The accuracy of studies on different types of trees (i.e. coniferous and deciduous) may vary depending on the selected instruments and methods. Within the scope of the present study, height (H) and crown projection area (CPA) of 105 stone pines (Pinus pinea, L.) measured using both conventional methods and UAV-based Structure-from-Motion (SfM) derived 3D dense point cloud were evaluated. Tree volumes in the study area were calculated using the allometric formulas generated based on the linear diameter model produced with the field measurements. For field measurements and UAV based data, the tree volumes were calculated using the single- and double-entry over-bark stem volume equations, and their numerical comparisons were conducted. To search for the differences, RMSE (Root mean square error), RMSE% (Root mean square percentage error), MAE (Mean absolute error) and MAE% (Mean absolute percentage error) values were taken into consideration. According to the results of the paired t-test, it was revealed that there were no significant differences between the field- and SfM- measurements based methods. Considering the average values instead of individual (single) trees in the information obtained using the 3D point cloud in such stands gave more accurate results. It was found that forest parameters at plot levels in stands could be quickly revealed by UAV photogrammetry. In addition, these data can be evaluated as a metric measurement technique for sustainable and precise operational planning in forest lands.Öğe Assessment of ecological passages along road networks within the Mediterranean forest using GIS-based multi criteria evaluation approach(Springer, 2015) Gulci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah EminMajor roads cause barrier effect and fragmentation on wildlife habitats that are suitable places for feeding, mating, socializing, and hiding. Due to wildlife collisions (Wc), human-wildlife conflicts result in lost lives and loss of biodiversity. Geographical information system (GIS)-based multi criteria evaluation (MCE) methods have been successfully used in short-term planning of road networks considering wild animals. Recently, wildlife passages have been effectively utilized as road engineering structures provide quick and certain solutions for traffic safety and wildlife conservation problems. GIS-based MCE methods provide decision makers with optimum location for ecological passages based on habitat suitability models (HSMs) that classify the areas based on ecological requirements of target species. In this study, ecological passages along Motorway 52 within forested areas in Mediterranean city of Osmaniye in Turkey were evaluated. Firstly, HSM coupled with nine eco-geographic decision variables were developed based on ecological requirements of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) that were chosen as target species. Then specified decision variables were evaluated using GIS-based weighted linear combination (WLC) method to estimate movement corridors and mitigation points along the motorway. In the solution process, two linkage nodes were evaluated for eco-passages which were determined based on the leastcost movement corridor intersecting with the motorway. One of the passages was identified as a natural wildlife overpass while the other was suggested as underpass construction. The results indicated that computer-based models provide accurate and quick solutions for positioning ecological passages to reduce environmental effects of road networks on wild animals.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES AND ROADS REGARDING WITH FIRE-RESISTANT FOREST PROJECT (YARDOP)(EDITURA UNIV, 2019) Bilici, Ebru; Gencal, Burhan; Taş, İnanç; Akay, Abdullah EminAs a result of natural disasters such as fire, storms, avalanches etc., natural resources have been destroying rapidly in the world. Due to global warming and other factors, forest fires result in serious damages on forest resources in arid regions. Therefore, firefighting activities should be well planned and special attention should be paid to grow fire-resistant forest in the regions with high fire risk. For this purpose, firefighting facilities (i.e. fire breaks, fire lines) and roads for the purpose of fire protection and fire-fighting should be specially evaluated in these regions. Road networks are effectively used during and after a fire and are also used to stop the fire. In this study, the firefighting facilities and roads developed for fire intervention within the Fire- Resistant Forest Project (YARDOP) have been evaluated. Within the project, firefighting facilities have been planned to build a fire-resistant stands. These firefighting facilities can also be used for firefighting purposes. This study indicated that the standards of firefighting facilities and roads used in YARDOP projects are likely to be an alternative solution for many countries, especially in the Mediterranean countries and generally in the same environmental conditions around the world.Öğe Assessment of post-fire sal vage logging operations in mediterranean Region of Turkey(Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo, 2017) Bilici, E.; Eker, M.; Hasdemir, M.; Akay, Abdullah EminVarious problems such as massive volume loss, erosion, degradation of water resources, and air pollution emerge after forest fire incidents. Thus, necessary forest operations should be quickly planned and implemented after forest fires so that afforestation activities can take place immediately to maintain forest vegetation in burned areas.The aim of this study was developing a Post-fire Action Planning (PFAP) model to minimize the time spent on salvage logging activities. PFAP model will assist decision makers for removing salvage timber in a timely manner after large scale forest fires, while considering economic and environmental constraints, and dealing with available employment conditions in local forest industry. The capabilities of this model were examined by standardizing the operational planning and developing a fast decision-making process. The model was implemented in Taşa?il Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FEC) of Antalya Forest Regional Directorate where the forests are sensitivity to fire at the first degree level and the second largest forest fire in the history of Turkish Forestry occurred in this area in 2008. The findings of PFAP model were compared with the data of actual salvage logging operation obtained from the FEC. The results indicated that using operational planning based PFAP model is capable of reducing total time spent on salvage logging operation by about 60%. Based on the forestry compartments of the study area, estimated durations of salvage logging operations were 15 to 75 days less than that of actual operations taken place in the field. Therefore, it is highly anticipated that using operational planning based PFAP model has great potential to provide economically and environmentally sound forest operations after forest fires.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF POST-FME SALVAGE LOGGLIKG OPERATEIONS DK MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2017) Bilici, Ebru; Eker, Mehmet; Hasdemir, Mesut; Akay, Abdullah EminVarious problems such as massive volume loss, erosion, degradation of water resources, and air pollution emerge after forest fire incidents. Thus, necessary forest operations should be quickly planned and implemented after forest fires so that afforestation activities can take place immediately to maintain forest vegetation in burned areas. The aim of this study was developing a Post-fire Action Planning (PFAP) model to minimize the time spent on salvage logging activities. PFAP model will assist decision makers for removing salvage timber in a timely manner after large scale forest fires, while considering economic and environmental constraints, and dealing with available employment conditions in local forest industry. The capabilities of this model were examined by standardizing the operational planning and developing a fast decision-making process. The model was implemented in Tasagil Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FEC) of Antalya Forest Regional Directorate where the forests are sensitivity to fire at the first degree level and the second largest forest fire in the history of Turkish Forestry occurred in this area in 2008. The findings of PFAP model were compared with the data of actual salvage logging operation obtained from the FEC. The results indicated that using operational planning based PFAP model is capable of reducing total time spent on salvage logging operation by about 60%. Based on the forestry compartments of the study area, estimated durations of salvage logging operations were 15 to 75 days less than that of actual operations taken place in the field. Therefore, it is highly anticipated that using operational planning based PFAP model has great potential to provide economically and environmentally sound forest operations after forest fires.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND WATER QUALITY FOR TWO NEIGHBOURING WATERSHEDS IN KAHRAMANMARAS, TURKEY(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2016) Reis, Mahmut; Dindaroglu, Turgay; Akay, Abdullah EminAccurate estimation of sediment yield and water quality in a watershed may assist watershed managers to make correct and appropriate decisions. In this study, two neighbouring watersheds (Goksun and Hurman) located in south of Kahramanmaras, Turkey were evaluated in terms of their average annual sediment yield and water quality. The differences between these watersheds with respect to sediment yield and water quality were compared and then the reasons behind these differences were investigated. The climatic (precipitation, temperature) and some of the physiographic (elevation, area) characteristics were similar in both neighbouring watersheds. Therefore, three factors including ground slope, land use, and soil type were determined to evaluate sediment yield and water quality for both neighbouring watersheds. The results indicated that forests reduced sediment yield by tolerating negative consequences of other factors in the watershed areas. On the other hand, water quality was found to be low in a watershed area with relatively dense forest cover. The reason for this contradiction can be explained with effect of intense urbanization and consequent increase of population in the watershed.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF THE ROAD IMPACTS ON CONIFEROUS SPECIES WITHIN THE ROAD-EFFECT ZONE USING NDVI ANALYSIS APPROACH(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Gulci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Oguz, Hakan; Gulci, NeseRemote sensing (RS) techniques and Geographical information system (GIS) applications, which provide more economical and time saving methods than ground-based measurements, have been widely used for earth observation and environmental assessments. Thus, consider Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images, the present and past conditions of the coniferous species and land change that are within 100 meters away from the road alignment were evaluated to explain the changes in the road effect zone. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from Landsat images of the years between 2000 and 2015 were performed by using thresholds to estimate temporal and spatial changes of the coniferous species. The value of thresholds (0.45Öğe Assessment of the visibility capabilities of forest fire lookout towers: The case of gemlik, bursa, turkey(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2021) Akay, Abdullah EminIn Turkey, there are forest areas that are sensitive to fire in the first degree, especially along the coastline in the Marmara region and the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. As a result of forest fires, which is one of the biggest environmental disasters on forest resources, approximately 10000 hectares of forest area is damaged annually. One of the important elements of combating forest fires is early detection. In order to achieve this goal, the correct positioning of fire lookout towers is of great importance. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate visibility capabilities of forest fire lookout tower in Gemlik Forestry Enterprise Chief (FEC) located in the city of Bursa. Firstly, the visibility analysis was implemented using in ArcGIS 10.4.1 to evaluate the existing fire tower in the FEC, and then considering the potential fire lookout tower in the study area, the visible areas from both existing and new tower were determined. According to the results, while 63.55% of the study area was visible from the existing tower, this ratio increased to 77.39% when the second tower was added. When only the forest areas are evaluated, the existing tower could see 71.73% of the forest areas, while the visible forest areas have increased to 83.36% when the two towers were taken into account. It has been seen that the visibility capacities of existing towers and potential towers can be evaluated effectively by using GIS-based visibility analysis.Öğe Controlled sliding of logs downhill by chute system integrated with portable winch and synthetic rope(2016) Gülci, Neşe; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdaş, Orhan; Acar, H. Hulusi; Wing, Michael G.Ülkemizde bölmeden çıkarma çalışmaları %80’in üzerinde geleneksel yöntemlerle yürütülmektedir. Bu metotlar sırasında, insan ve hayvan gücü ile sürüterek, atarak ya da kaydırılarak gerçekleştirilen bölmeden çıkarma çalışmaları, teknik, ekonomik, çevresel ve ergonomik açılardan problemlidir. Son yıllarda sınırlı sayıda uygulanan plastik olukla taşıma sistemi, çevre zararlarının azaltılması yanında, taşınan odun hammaddesindeki değer ve hacim kayıplarının minimumda tutulması gibi önemli faydalar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dağlık arazide kalın çaplı odun hammaddesinin yamaç aşağı kontrollü kaydırılması amacı ile taşınabilir vinç ile entegre edilmiş bir oluk sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, sistemin daha hafif olması için mevcut uygulamaların aksine çelik halat değil sentetik halat kullanılmıştır. Sistem, Kahramanmaraş Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü, Çınarpınar İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde örnek bir üretim çalışmasında test edilmiştir. Çalışmada oluk sisteminin verimlilik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve ekolojik etkileri incelenmiştir. Yamaç aşağı kontrollü kaydırmada, en yüksek verim (10,01 m3 /saat) 36 m ve %70 eğime sahip 4 no'lu oluk sisteminde bulunmuştur. Oluk sisteminin ortalama verimi üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin başında taşınan odun hammaddelerini kontrollü kaydırma zamanı gelmektedir. Kontrollü kaydırma operasyonlarında kalan ağaç zararının çok sınırlı sayıda kaldığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Determination of fire-access zones along road networks in fire-sensitive forests(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2017) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Wing, Michael G.; Zengin, Murat; Kose, OsmanWild forest fires are one of the greatest environmental disasters affecting forest resources. Along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean region in Turkey, forested areas are classified as first-degree, fire-sensitive areas. Every year, thousands of hectares of forests have been destroyed in Turkey. In this study, fire-access zones were determined in the Mediterranean forests of Turkey, by utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) technology. The effective reach distance of fire hoses from both sides of roads was considered in order to delineate fire-access zones. The effective reach distance can vary based on the technical capabilities and hydraulic capacity of fire trucks (minimum and maximum pressures on water pump); terrain structures (uphill, downhill and flat); and ground slope. These factors and their influences were studied in fire sensitive forest areas located in the eastern Mediterranean city of KahramanmaraAY in Turkey. First, terrain structures on both sides of the road network and ground-slope classes were determined based on GIS data layers. Then, fire access zones were delineated according to water pressure data, terrain structures, and ground-slope classes. The results indicated that 69.30 % of the forested areas were within the fire-access zones, while the rest of the forest was out of reach the fire hoses. The accessible areas were also calculated for forested areas with different fire-sensitivity degrees. The accessible areas were 69.59, 69.96, and 67.16 % for the forested areas that are sensitive to fires at the first, second, and third degrees, respectively. This finding has implications for the monitoring and management of fire threats in areas outside of the reach distance. The outside areas should receive extra attention and monitoring during the fire season so that fires are detected ahead of time and management has sufficient time to react. Besides, new roads should be considered for these areas in order to access more lands in a shorter amount of time.Öğe DETERMINING THE LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FIREFIGHTING TEAMS BY USING GIS TECHNIQUES(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2018) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Karas, I. R.; Kahraman, I.Wild forest fires are one of the most important disasters that affect the forest ecosystem especially in the regions with arid climate conditions. Besides, forest fires threats human life and results in seriously property loss. In order to fight forest fires effectively, it is crucial that firefighting team should reach fire location and start fire extinguishing activities within the critical response time. Since firefighting teams are transported to fire locations by fire-trucks, the optimum route with minimum travel time should be determined by considering available road network. "New Service Area" tool under "Network Analyst" extension of ArcGIS can be used to determine a region that can be reached from a point within a specified time period. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the locations of current firefighting teams and investigate locations of potential firefighting teams using "New Service Area" tool. The study area is located in Mustafakemalpasa in Bursa where forest lands are sensitive to forest fires at the second degree and there is currently one firefighting team in the area. The results indicated that 31.28% of forest land can be reached by current firefighting team within the critical response time. When including new firefighting teams, it was found that accessible forest lands increased to 71.55%. It can be concluded that locating new firefighting teams should be established in the study area to increase the accessible forested areas on time and GIS-based decision support systems can be effectively used to fight forest fires regarding with disaster management.Öğe Developing a harvesting plan for forested areas under the risk of winter storm damage(Transilvania University of Brasov, 2017) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Taş, D.Timber harvesting activities become more complicated after winter storm damages. The risk of storm damage can be estimated based on various factors such as stand structure, topographical characteristics, climatic parameters, and soil type. In this study, a GIS-integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to develop a timber harvesting plan based on a previously generated storm damage risk map, terrain conditions, and soil type. The study was implemented in Kütahya region where serious winter storm damages occurred in winter of 2015. The results indicated that the farm tractor logging was suitable for 40.5% of the area, while the chute system was appropriate for 35.5% of the area.Öğe Developing validation of forest fire risk maps based on historical fire incidences(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2021) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdoğan, AygünLarge forest lands are damaged every year due to wild fires in Turkey. Prompt detection and rapid intervention is the key factors of firefighting activities. To be well prepared for the wildfires, it is crucial to determine the fire sensitive areas and then to locate fire extinguishing structures such as fire lookout towers and the firefighting headquarters by consideration these areas. The accuracy of the fire risk maps plays important role in the effectiveness of the fire management strategies and decisions. In this paper, the accuracy of a fire risk map, which was developed by GIS techniques integrated with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), was evaluated based on the previous fire incidence in the study area. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to generate fire risk map based on topographic features and forest vegetation structures. Then, total of 19 forest fires recorded in the study area in last 50 years were evaluated to validate the risk map. It was found that 23.81% of the area was subject to extreme risk, while 25.81% was of high risk. The results indicated that about 42.10% of the fire events fell into the forested areas with extreme fire risk, while 31,58% were in the high fire risk. Thus, the fire risk map developed by using the GIS-based MCDA can be an effective way for accurate estimation of the fire sensitive areas.Öğe The effect of traditional and reduced tillage systems on the sediment yield of plots constructed in the Mediterranean climate zone caused by natural rainfall(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2020) Yakupoglu, Tugrul; Dindaroglu, Turgay; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Kusvuran, Kadir; Alma, Veysel; Gundogan, RecepThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of tillage systems and different crops on the sediment yield under natural rainfalls from agricultural parcels established in two Mediterranean cities of Turkey. The study was carried out in two consecutive hydrological years, in which both total precipitation and precipitation pattern were different. The results indicated that the soil tillage system (P <= 0.05) and whether or not the plant production was implemented in the parcels (P <= 0.01) had statistically significant effect on the sediment yield of the parcels. Although the total sediment yield was not statistically different for both hydrological years, there was a statistical difference between two years in terms of sediment yield per unit rainfall (P <= 0.01). The applied tillage system and the rainfall pattern are considerably effective on the erosion.Öğe Effects of Improving Forest Road Standards on Shortening the Arrival Time of Ground-based Firefighting Teams Accessing to the Forest Fires(Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2021) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Podolskaia, Ekaterina S; Uçar, ZennureIn fighting against forest fires, it is crucial for the ground-based firefighting team to reach a fire area in critical response time in which the chance of controlling the fires is significantly high. Road networks are the key infrastructures that provide access to the forest areas for the protection of forest resources. In order to benefit from this important function of roads, especially in forested areas with high natural forest fire risk, they should be built in with adequate technical road standards since the low standards limit the fire truck speed that increases the arrival time of the firefighting team to the fire areas. Most of the forest roads in Turkey are Type-B secondary forest roads with low technical road standards (road width, curve radius, surface materials) that limit the speed of fire trucks. This paper aimed to evaluate the potential contribution of improving the standards of Type-B secondary forest roads in terms of increasing accessible forested areas in critical response time in the case of forest fire occurrence. The study area was Kahramanmaraş Forestry Enterprise Directorate (FED), where forests are sensitive to forest fires at the first degree. In the solution process, firstly, accessible forest areas by the firefighting teams located in the study area (six teams) according to the critical response time were determined by considering the existing road network in the study area. In the second scenario, the possible increase in the accessible forest areas with improved forest road standards and increased travel speed in forest roads was investigated. The results indicated that the areas that can be reached promptly by the firefighting teams in critical response time were 21% and 44% for considering existing roads and improved roads in the whole study area. On the other hand, the accessible forested areas in critical response time increased from 17% to 36% when standards of the forest roads were improved. It is indicated that improving road standards has a significant value to contribute the efficiency of firefighting activities if the practitioners implemented presented methodology.Öğe Ekolojik sanat yapılarının lokasyonlarının değerlendirilmesinde insansız hava araçları ile üretilen termal kızılötesi görüntülerin kullanılması(2016) Gülci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah EminOrmancılık çalışmalarında çoğunlukla hava fotoğrafları ve uydu görüntüleri geniş alanların takibinde ve analizinde kullanılan uygun maliyetli verilerdir. Günümüzde, İnsansız Hava Araçları (İHA) ve bu araçlara monte edilebilen farklı dalga boylarında enerjiyi algılayabilen sensörler sayesinde geniş alanlarda hassas ve yüksek çözünürlüklü uzaktan algılama verileri elde edilebilmektedir. Ayrıca, İHA sistemlerinin kullanılarak geniş ormanlık alanlara ait veriler, disiplinler arası çalışmalarda istenilen zaman aralığı (farklı mevsimlerde veya günün farklı saatlerinde) için üretilebilmektedir. Son yıllarda, geniş yaşam alanına ihtiyaç duyan yaban hayvanlarının habitatlarında meydana gelen parçalanmaların kontrol altına alınması ve planlanmasında yaban hayvanı geçit koridorlarının tespitine yönelik çalışmalar önem kazanmaktadır. Yaban hayvanı geçit koridorları; yol ağlarının planlanması ve ekolojik geçitlerin lokasyonlarının belirlenmesinin yanı sıra orman içi su kenarı zonları gibi biyolojik çeşitlilik bakımından zengin ve hassas alanların da değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir altlık oluşturmaktadır. Yaban hayvanı geçit koridorlarının belirlenmesinde yersel ölçümler, algılayıcı ve görüntüleyici sistemler (fotokapan, radar vb.) ile üretilen verilerin yanı sıra, İHA sistemleri ile üretilen uzaktan algılama verileri kullanılarak geniş alanlar kısa sürede değerlendirilmektedir. Yaban hayvanları türlerinin ekolojik davranışları ve aktiviteleri (barınma, beslenme, üreme, vb.) mekansal ve zamansal olarak farklılıklar göstermektedir. Kimi yabani türler gündüz saatlerinde aktif olarak yaşam alanlarında gözlenirken, bazı diğer türler geceleri aktif olarak yaşamlarını sürdürmektedir. Geceleri aktif olarak gezinen türlerin takibi ve belirlenmesinde, en etkili metotlardan biri termal kızılötesi aralıkta veri toplama özelliğine sahip, ısıya duyarlı termal kameraların ve gece görüşlü kameraların kullanılmasıdır. Hava koşullarının uçuş için uygun olduğu durumlarda günün her saatinde İHA sistemleri, hareket halinde bulunan yaban hayvanlarının geçit koridorlarının etkin ve doğru olarak lokasyonlarının belirlenmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Daha sonra, bu koridorlara ait bilgilerin kullanılması sayesinde ekolojik sanat yapıları için en uygun lokasyonlar belirlenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ekolojik sanat yapılarının konumlandırılmasında İHA ile üretilen termal aralıkta uzaktan algılama verilerinin kullanım olanakları üzerinde durulmaktadır.
