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Öğe An assessment of conventional and drone-based measurements for tree attributes in timber volume estimation: A case study on stone pine plantation(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Gülci S.; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Gülci N.; Taş, İnançThe use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a useful tool in forestry studies is increasing rapidly. The level of accuracy in UAV-supported measurement data has been increasing in the field of forestry. Recently, biophysical and morphological tree information has been calculated using the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data. The accuracy of studies on different types of trees (i.e. coniferous and deciduous) may vary depending on the selected instruments and methods. Within the scope of the present study, height (H) and crown projection area (CPA) of 105 stone pines (Pinus pinea, L.) measured using both conventional methods and UAV-based Structure-from-Motion (SfM) derived 3D dense point cloud were evaluated. Tree volumes in the study area were calculated using the allometric formulas generated based on the linear diameter model produced with the field measurements. For field measurements and UAV based data, the tree volumes were calculated using the single- and double-entry over-bark stem volume equations, and their numerical comparisons were conducted. To search for the differences, RMSE (Root mean square error), RMSE% (Root mean square percentage error), MAE (Mean absolute error) and MAE% (Mean absolute percentage error) values were taken into consideration. According to the results of the paired t-test, it was revealed that there were no significant differences between the field- and SfM- measurements based methods. Considering the average values instead of individual (single) trees in the information obtained using the 3D point cloud in such stands gave more accurate results. It was found that forest parameters at plot levels in stands could be quickly revealed by UAV photogrammetry. In addition, these data can be evaluated as a metric measurement technique for sustainable and precise operational planning in forest lands.Öğe Analysis of a feller-buncher productivity: A case study of whole-tree harvesting from marmara region, Turkey(Editura Silvica, 2021) Gülci N.; Yüksel K.; Serin H.; Bilici E.; Akay, Abdullah EminIn fully mechanized forest harvesting systems, tree felling activities are mostly performed by using harvesters or feller-bunchers. In some regions of Turkey, where terrain conditions and stand characteristics are suitable, fully mechanized harvesting systems have been recently practiced by some of the logging contractors as private forest industry demands for large amounts of forest products throughout the year. Thus, performances of these newly practiced harvesting systems should be carefully analyzed in order to implement productive and cost-effective mechanized harvesting systems. In this study, productivity of whole-tree harvesting using a feller-buncher was investigated based on stand parameters including tree height, DBH, and volume. The DBH of the felled trees were divided into four classes (i.e. very small: 16-19 cm, small: 20-23 cm, medium: 24-27 cm and large: 28-31 cm) to investigate the effects of various DBH class on the time consumption of cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. To estimate productivity of feller-buncher in harvesting operation, multiple linear and polynomial regressions were also developed and discussed after the interpretation of diagnostic plots. The results indicated that the average productivity of the feller-buncher was 74.96 m3/h which was closely related with tree height (r = 0.63), DBH (r = 0.67), and volume (r = 0.67). The average moving time was the most time-consuming stage (60%), followed by cutting (29%) and bunching stages (11%). It was found that DBH classes caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on the time spent on cutting stage and productivity of the feller-buncher. The cutting time and productivity increased from very small to large diameter classes, while bunching time increased from very small to small diameter and then medium diameter to large diameter classes. Polynomial regression had a positive impact on the performance of the estimation model of manually field-measured data based on the error parameters.Öğe ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE APPLICATION FOR WHOLE TREE EXTRACTION USING SkylineXL 24.1: A CASE STUDY FROM KAHRAMANMARAS, TURKIYE(2025) Gülcı, Neşe; Sessions, John; Gülci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah EminIn mountainous areas, timber extraction operations are commonly carried out using skylines. Transporting forest products with a skyline is an efficient method commonly used in mountainous areas with challenging terrain conditions and in areas where environmental factors are crucial. There are four main types of cable systems: Highlead, Standing, Running, and Live Skyline. Because of reduced lift, Highlead is not a skyline system, but rather a method suitable for shorter yarder distances at steep terrain. Standing, Running, and Live Skylines are cable logging systems that have a suspended cable used for suspending and yarding products. The installation stages of these skylines require expertise and need to be carefully planned. The payload and cable tensions are very important factors for preventing work accidents and ensuring efficient cable logging operations. There are various software programs developed for analyzing skyline systems. This study aimed to analyze a sample logging application using one of the well-known software, SkylineXL 24.1. The study was implemented in the KSU Başkonuş Research and Application Forest in Kahramanmaras, Turkiye. According to the results for the standing system, the minimum required skyline length was 540 m, while the Koller yarder capacity was 579 m. The maximum allowable tension of the skyline (10.584 kg) has been reached at each terrain point in this study.Öğe ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTATION OPPORTUNITIES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SAMPLES WITH TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMETRY METHODS(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 2021) Bilici, Ebru; Uçar, Zennure; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Genç, MusaNowadays, as in many sectors, natural and cultural resources face the danger of extinction due to misuse and consumption-oriented life in tourism. Within the framework of the sustainability tourism principle, these resources should be determined, protected, and developed. With the advance technology, the use of photogrammetry offers new methods for surveying natural and cultural resources. In this study, the photographs of two historical sites were taken with a high-resolution handheld camera in order to evaluate the potential of terrestrial photogrammetry approach in the cultural heritage. Then, these photographs were used to develop three-dimensional models of the two sites using two different software-Agisoft Metashape and 3D Zephyr Free. For this study, two important cultural and historical heritages were selected; both located in the center of Giresun province in Turkey. The 3D models of the heritages developed using two software were compared to evaluate the capability of the software. In the evaluation process, 13 photographs for the historical door and 50 photographs for the shrine were used to generate 3D models. According to the evaluation of the models, it was observed that the model generated for the front surface of the Public Garden door provided more detailed and accurate results in both software. When these two programs are compared for the shrine, Agisoft Metashape produced a better 3D model than 3D Zephyr. The results also showed that the photographs obtained from a low-cost handheld camera could provide highly accurate and precise data for documentation of historical and cultural heritages.Öğe Analysis of Noise Level Influencing Farm Tractor Operators during Forest Harvesting Operation(Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2018) Taş, İnanç; Büyüksakallı, Halit; Akay, Abdullah EminIn Turkey, forest harvesting activities are generally performed by forest villagers or small-size contractors managed by forest villagers. Highly mechanized harvesting equipment are not very common since they are not affordable by forest villagers or contractors. Farm tractors are mostly used in forest harvesting operations because of relatively low hourly equipment cost. In fact, farm tractors have been used in many stages of forest operations including skidding, forwarding, cable yarding, and loading. However, working environment of farm tractors is subject to intensive noise disturbance during forest harvesting activities. Thus, tractor operators often expose excessive noise effect which can result in hearing impairment or permanent hearing loss. In this study, the average and peak noise levels generated by a Türk Fiat 450 model farm tractor during forest harvesting operation were measured. The average and peak noise levels were measured as 84.52 dBA and 105.02 dBA, respectively. To minimize the potential hazard of noise exposed by operator, daily working hours and resting times should be determined based on noise level and the pieces that affect the level of the noise should be maintained and isolated properly.Öğe Analyzing dynamic curve widening on forest roads(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2017) Akgul, Mustafa; Demir, Murat; Akay, Abdullah EminForest roads require important design specifications to ensure all-season access for various vehicles. Long and heavy log trucks can face serious maneuvering problems on forest roads due to insufficient amount of area to the left for road widening on horizontal curves. In order to provide safe and continuous shipment and transportation, appropriate curve widening areas should be provided for long vehicles along horizontal curves. In this study, a statistical model was developed to provide curve-widening solutions for long trucks (e.g., those with 18 wheels) considering various curve radius and deflection angles. The dynamic curve widening feature of Plateia 2013 program was employed to calculate curve widening for the specified vehicle. During the solution process, nine different horizontal curve diameters from 10 to 50 m (by 5 m intervals) and 17 different deflection angles from 90A degrees to 170A degrees (by 5A degrees intervals) were evaluated to run horizontal curve-widening analysis. Using a multiple regression model, we made suitable predictions about curve widening. The curve-widening areas decrease as the horizontal curve radius increases, while increasing the deflection angle on horizontal curves increases curve widening areas. Clearly, the computer-based dynamic curve widening model developed in this study can be effectively used in determining optimum widening for horizontal curves by evaluating the number of alternatives that fit geometrical specifications and vehicle types.Öğe Assesment of Optimum Timber Extraction Methods Using Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Method(Aves, 2024) Tas, Inanc; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Eker, Mehmet; Gumues, Selcuk; Demir, Murat; Acar, H. Hulusi; Ozdemir, MehmetTimber extraction is a time-consuming and difficult stage of producing the wood-based forest products, involving economic and ecological sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimum extraction methods in terms of productivity and environmental effects by integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with geographic information systems (GIS). The study was implemented in the coniferous stands located within the borders of Baharlar Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in Ayvac & imath;k Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Bal & imath;kesir in T & uuml;rkiye. The main criteria in AHP were slope, skidding (transporting) distance, soil factor, stand age and yield. In the study, tractor skidding, tractor winching, chute system and skyline yarding methods were evaluated by considering environmental effects including residual tree damage and potential impacts on forest soil. In the solution phase, a total of eight suitability maps were produced for four extraction methods for productivity and environmental effects assessment. After the suitability maps were generated, digital data layers of working time were produced for each extraction method using equations about machine working times obtained from previous studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that skidding distance and slope were the criteria with the highest impact in almost all extraction methods for productivity and environmental aspects. In tractor skidding, it was found that soil factor and skidding distance have the highest impact in terms of environmental effects. When considering productivity, the results showed that the most commonly preferred extraction method was the tractor winching (43.30%), followed by the tractor skidding (25.34%). While the chute system was preferred in approximately 20.92% of the area, the least preferred method was the skyline yarding (10.44%). When evaluated in terms of environmental effects, it was determined that tractor skidding (34.02%) was widely preferred, followed by chute system (26.95%), tractor winching (20.96%) and skyline yarding (18.07%).Öğe Assesment of Optimum Timber Extraction Methods Using Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Method(2024) Tas, Inanç; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Eker, Mehmet; Gumus, Selcuk; Demir, Murat; Acar, Hafiz Hulusi; Özdemir, MehmetTimber extraction is a time-consuming and difficult stage of producing the wood-based forest products, involving eco- nomic and ecological sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimum extraction methods in terms of productivity and environmental effects by integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with geographic information systems (GIS). The study was implemented in the coniferous stands located within the borders of Baharlar Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in Ayvacık Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Balıkesir in Türkiye. The main criteria in AHP were slope, skidding (transporting) distance, soil factor, stand age and yield. In the study, tractor skidding, tractor winching, chute system and skyline yarding methods were evaluated by considering environmental effects including residual tree damage and potential impacts on forest soil. In the solution phase, a total of eight suitability maps were produced for four extraction methods for productivity and environmental effects assessment. After the suitability maps were generated, dig- ital data layers of working time were produced for each extraction method using equations about machine working times obtained from previous studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that skidding distance and slope were the criteria with the highest impact in almost all extraction methods for productivity and environmental aspects. In tractor skidding, it was found that soil factor and skidding distance have the highest impact in terms of environmental effects. When con- sidering productivity, the results showed that the most commonly preferred extraction method was the tractor winching (43.30%), followed by the tractor skidding (25.34%). While the chute system was preferred in approximately 20.92% of the area, the least preferred method was the skyline yarding (10.44%). When evaluated in terms of environmental effects, it was determined that tractor skidding (34.02%) was widely preferred, followed by chute system (26.95%), tractor winching (20.96%) and skyline yarding (18.07%).Öğe Assessing Rut Depth Formation in a Skidding Operation Using UAV Photogrammetry(Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform, 2025) Büyüksakallı, Halit; Tas, İnanç; Akay, Abdullah EminMechanical harvesting equipment used in forestry operations increases productivity; however, they may cause significant physical impacts on the soil. Among the most noticeable of these effects are wheel ruts caused by logging vehicles. Such effects can disrupt the physical structure of the soil, increase the risk of erosion, and damage forest ecosystems. In this study, wheel rut depths formed during ground-based skidding operations were analyzed comparatively using both a manual measurement method and a 3D image-based method implemented via Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The fieldwork was conducted during a skidding operation in the Dağtekke Forest Enterprise Chief in the city of İzmir. Manual measurements were performed using a ruler and a lath along skidding trails. For image-based method, aerial images of the study area were captured using UAV, and then used to generate Digital Surface Model (DSM). The results obtained from both methods were compared using correlation analysis and paired sample t-tests. The findings showed a high correlation between manual method and UAV-assisted method, indicating that UAV photogrammetry offers a fast and reliable alternative for rut depth monitoring. The UAV-derived measurements of rut depth showed a high level of accuracy, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 16.86%. This study presents a novel application of UAV-based method for high-resolution, remote measurement of rut depth. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods while providing valuable insights into assessing the environmental impacts of mechanical equipment in forestry operations. © (2025), (Forest Engineering and Technologies Platform). All rights reserved.Öğe Assessing the effects of site factors on the productivity of a feller buncher: a time and motion analysis(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2019) Bilici, Ebru; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Abbas, DaliaWe evaluated, for the first time in Turkey, the productivity of a feller buncher during clear-cut operations of two Brutian pine stands located in Canakkale, northwestern Turkey with different diameter classes and terrain conditions. In the first stand with 24.6cm average DBH, the feller buncher cut full trees and moved them to roadside. In the second stand with 34.3cm average DBH, the feller buncher cut trees in two stages due to their larger diameters and the relatively steep and rough terrain conditions of the site. The effects of specific stand features, DBH and tree height measurements were assessed through statistical analysis in relation to productivity. The results indicate that the average productivity for the first stand was about 118m(3)h(-1), while it was about 80m(3)h(-1) in the second stand. Even though tree diameter and volume were higher in the second stand, productivity decreased by 32.3% due to extra time spent on the two-stage cutting operation. The results revealed that harvesting operations should be planned carefully and the right equipment selected by accounting for different tree sizes, terrain conditions and machine specifications in order to better understand their effects on production.Öğe ASSESSING THE EXPOSURE OF CHIPPER OPERATORS TO WOOD DUST IN A ROADSIDE LANDING AREA(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Gulci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Spinelli, Raffaele; Magagnotti, NatasciaDue to recent high emission values and increasing public demands for renewable energy, many countries have promoted biomass use instead of fossil originated fuel consumption. Wood chipping operation is one of the most popular biomass processing techniques. In recent years, there has been an interest in using mechanization in forestry, especially in wood chipping in Turkey. There are very limited number of studies on the productivity of wood chipping operations in Turkey, and the potential effects of operation and work environment on chipper operators have not been studied properly. In particular, wood dust exposure may result in serious occupational illness such as lung cancer, asthma, skin and eye irritations. This study investigated exposure of a wood chipper operator to wood dust during a chipping operation at the roadside landing. To measure dust exposure, a low-cost dust sensor mounted on the operator helmet was used, and real-time recorded measurements were examined statistically. The study showed that during the chipping operation in the open area, the operator was exposed to a dust density of 6.04 mg/m(3) over the 8 hours time average, which was above the legal limits of 5mg/m(3). Inhalable dust particle density averaged 0.055 mg/m(3) for each truck load produced. Although these figures were within the range reported by previous wood dust exposure studies conducted on chipper operators, exposure was still above the legal limit and may cause serious health problems. Thus, chipper operators should be instructed to use personnel protection equipment in order to prevent occupational disease.Öğe Assessing the exposure of chipper operators to wood dust in a roadside landing area(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2018) Gülci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Spinelli, Raffaele; Magagnotti, NatasciaDue to recent high emission values and increasing public demands for renewable energy, many countries have promoted biomass use instead of fossil originated fuel consumption. Wood chipping operation is one of the most popular biomass processing techniques. In recent years, there has been an interest in using mechanization in forestry, especially in wood chipping in Turkey. There are very limited number of studies on the productivity of wood chipping operations in Turkey, and the potential effects of operation and work environment on chipper operators have not been studied properly. In particular, wood dust exposure may result in serious occupational illness such as lung cancer, asthma, skin and eye irritations. This study investigated exposure of a wood chipper operator to wood dust during a chipping operation at the roadside landing. To measure dust exposure, a low-cost dust sensor mounted on the operator helmet was used, and realtime recorded measurements were examined statistically. The study showed that during the chipping operation in the open area, the operator was exposed to a dust density of 6.04 mg/m3 over the 8 hours time average, which was above the legal limits of 5mg/m3. Inhalable dust particle density averaged 0.055 mg/m3 for each truck load produced. Although these figures were within the range reported by previous wood dust exposure studies conducted on chipper operators, exposure was still above the legal limit and may cause serious health problems. Thus, chipper operators should be instructed to use personnel protection equipment in order to prevent occupational disease. © by PSP.Öğe Assessment of alternative forest road routes and landslide susceptibility mapping using machine learning(Univ Federal Lavras-Ufla, 2022) Bugday, Ender; Akay, Abdullah EminBackground: Forest roads are among the most basic infrastructure used for forestry activities and services. To facilitate the increased amount of biomass harvesting adequately, the existing road network may require modifications to allow forest transportation within harvesting units that are not yet accessed by the roads. The construction of a forest road can trigger landslides, so the necessary constraints should be considered when the road is being planned to preclude such problems. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) has become an integral part of the growing process of machine learning (ML), providing a more effective platform for practitioners, planners, and decision-makers. This study aims to reveal the most suitable alternative routes for a forest road, especially in areas susceptible to landslides, and to provide an effective tool for decision-makers. Results: For this purpose, two models were developed through ML: Logistic Regression (LR) and Random Forest (RF). Elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Stream Power Index (SPI), distance from the fault, the road, and the stream, and lithology were considered as the main landslide susceptibility factors in these models. The best model was obtained by the RF approach with an Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) value of 81.9%, while the LR model was 78.2%. LSM data was used as a base, and alternative routes were obtained through CostPath analysis. Conclusion: It has been shown that the ML methods used in this study can positively contribute to decision-making by providing more effective LSM calculations in studies to determine alternative routes in a forest road network.Öğe Assessment of ecological passages along road networks within the Mediterranean forest using GIS-based multi criteria evaluation approach(Springer, 2015) Gulci, Sercan; Akay, Abdullah EminMajor roads cause barrier effect and fragmentation on wildlife habitats that are suitable places for feeding, mating, socializing, and hiding. Due to wildlife collisions (Wc), human-wildlife conflicts result in lost lives and loss of biodiversity. Geographical information system (GIS)-based multi criteria evaluation (MCE) methods have been successfully used in short-term planning of road networks considering wild animals. Recently, wildlife passages have been effectively utilized as road engineering structures provide quick and certain solutions for traffic safety and wildlife conservation problems. GIS-based MCE methods provide decision makers with optimum location for ecological passages based on habitat suitability models (HSMs) that classify the areas based on ecological requirements of target species. In this study, ecological passages along Motorway 52 within forested areas in Mediterranean city of Osmaniye in Turkey were evaluated. Firstly, HSM coupled with nine eco-geographic decision variables were developed based on ecological requirements of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) that were chosen as target species. Then specified decision variables were evaluated using GIS-based weighted linear combination (WLC) method to estimate movement corridors and mitigation points along the motorway. In the solution process, two linkage nodes were evaluated for eco-passages which were determined based on the leastcost movement corridor intersecting with the motorway. One of the passages was identified as a natural wildlife overpass while the other was suggested as underpass construction. The results indicated that computer-based models provide accurate and quick solutions for positioning ecological passages to reduce environmental effects of road networks on wild animals.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES AND ROADS REGARDING WITH FIRE-RESISTANT FOREST PROJECT (YARDOP)(EDITURA UNIV, 2019) Bilici, Ebru; Gencal, Burhan; Taş, İnanç; Akay, Abdullah EminAs a result of natural disasters such as fire, storms, avalanches etc., natural resources have been destroying rapidly in the world. Due to global warming and other factors, forest fires result in serious damages on forest resources in arid regions. Therefore, firefighting activities should be well planned and special attention should be paid to grow fire-resistant forest in the regions with high fire risk. For this purpose, firefighting facilities (i.e. fire breaks, fire lines) and roads for the purpose of fire protection and fire-fighting should be specially evaluated in these regions. Road networks are effectively used during and after a fire and are also used to stop the fire. In this study, the firefighting facilities and roads developed for fire intervention within the Fire- Resistant Forest Project (YARDOP) have been evaluated. Within the project, firefighting facilities have been planned to build a fire-resistant stands. These firefighting facilities can also be used for firefighting purposes. This study indicated that the standards of firefighting facilities and roads used in YARDOP projects are likely to be an alternative solution for many countries, especially in the Mediterranean countries and generally in the same environmental conditions around the world.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTING TEAMS BY USING GIS-BASED NETWORK ANALYSIS METHOD(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 2020) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdoğan, Abdullah; Taş, İnançThe forest areas located along the coastline of the Mediterranean region in Turkey are sensitive to forest fires in the first degree. According to the fire statistics, about 21000 hectares of forest areas are damaged by forest fires annually. In order to fight forest fires effectively, the firefighting teams should reach the fire location and start fire extinguishing activities within the critical response time. GIS-based network analysis method can be used to evaluate the performance of the firefighting teams in a specified area. In this study, the locations of three firefighting teams within and around Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in the city of Balıkesir in Turkey was evaluated using "Network Analyst" module of ArcGIS software. In the first step, the optimum routes which provided the fastest access from the locations of firefighting teams to the possible fire areas were determined by using “New Closest Facility” method under "Network Analyst" module. Then, “New Service Area” method under the same module was used to calculate how far the firefighting teams can reach in the study area within a specific critical response time. It was found that 16 out of 19 potential fire areas could be reached by the teams within the critical response time. In addition, 83% of the forest areas in Yayla FEC was found to be reachable by the firefighting teams within the critical response time. The results suggested that the locations of the firefighting teams were found to be suitable for effective firefighting activities in the study area.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF FIREFIGHTING TEAMS BY USING GIS-BASED NETWORK ANALYSIS METHOD: A CASE OF YAYLA FOREST IN TURKEY(2020) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdoğan, Abdullah; Tas, InançThe forest areas located along the coastline of the Mediterranean region in Turkey are sensitive to forest fires in the first degree. According to the fire statistics, about 21000 hectares of forest areas are damaged by forest fires annually. In order to fight forest fires effectively, the firefighting teams should reach the fire location and start fire extinguishing activities within the critical response time. GIS-based network analysis method can be used to evaluate the performance of the firefighting teams in a specified area. In this study, the locations of three firefighting teams within and around Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in the city of Balıkesir in Turkey was evaluated using \"Network Analyst\" module of ArcGIS software. In the first step, the optimum routes which provided the fastest access from the locations of firefighting teams to the possible fire areas were determined by using “New Closest Facility” method under \"Network Analyst\" module. Then, “New Service Area” method under the same module was used to calculate how far the firefighting teams can reach in the study area within a specific critical response time. It was found that 16 out of 19 potential fire areas could be reached by the teams within the critical response time. In addition, 83% of the forest areas in Yayla FEC was found to be reachable by the firefighting teams within the critical response time. The results suggested that the locations of the firefighting teams were found to be suitable for effective firefighting activities in the study area.Öğe Assessment of post-fire sal vage logging operations in mediterranean Region of Turkey(Hrvatsko Sumarsko Drustvo, 2017) Bilici, E.; Eker, M.; Hasdemir, M.; Akay, Abdullah EminVarious problems such as massive volume loss, erosion, degradation of water resources, and air pollution emerge after forest fire incidents. Thus, necessary forest operations should be quickly planned and implemented after forest fires so that afforestation activities can take place immediately to maintain forest vegetation in burned areas.The aim of this study was developing a Post-fire Action Planning (PFAP) model to minimize the time spent on salvage logging activities. PFAP model will assist decision makers for removing salvage timber in a timely manner after large scale forest fires, while considering economic and environmental constraints, and dealing with available employment conditions in local forest industry. The capabilities of this model were examined by standardizing the operational planning and developing a fast decision-making process. The model was implemented in Taşa?il Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FEC) of Antalya Forest Regional Directorate where the forests are sensitivity to fire at the first degree level and the second largest forest fire in the history of Turkish Forestry occurred in this area in 2008. The findings of PFAP model were compared with the data of actual salvage logging operation obtained from the FEC. The results indicated that using operational planning based PFAP model is capable of reducing total time spent on salvage logging operation by about 60%. Based on the forestry compartments of the study area, estimated durations of salvage logging operations were 15 to 75 days less than that of actual operations taken place in the field. Therefore, it is highly anticipated that using operational planning based PFAP model has great potential to provide economically and environmentally sound forest operations after forest fires.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF POST-FME SALVAGE LOGGLIKG OPERATEIONS DK MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2017) Bilici, Ebru; Eker, Mehmet; Hasdemir, Mesut; Akay, Abdullah EminVarious problems such as massive volume loss, erosion, degradation of water resources, and air pollution emerge after forest fire incidents. Thus, necessary forest operations should be quickly planned and implemented after forest fires so that afforestation activities can take place immediately to maintain forest vegetation in burned areas. The aim of this study was developing a Post-fire Action Planning (PFAP) model to minimize the time spent on salvage logging activities. PFAP model will assist decision makers for removing salvage timber in a timely manner after large scale forest fires, while considering economic and environmental constraints, and dealing with available employment conditions in local forest industry. The capabilities of this model were examined by standardizing the operational planning and developing a fast decision-making process. The model was implemented in Tasagil Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FEC) of Antalya Forest Regional Directorate where the forests are sensitivity to fire at the first degree level and the second largest forest fire in the history of Turkish Forestry occurred in this area in 2008. The findings of PFAP model were compared with the data of actual salvage logging operation obtained from the FEC. The results indicated that using operational planning based PFAP model is capable of reducing total time spent on salvage logging operation by about 60%. Based on the forestry compartments of the study area, estimated durations of salvage logging operations were 15 to 75 days less than that of actual operations taken place in the field. Therefore, it is highly anticipated that using operational planning based PFAP model has great potential to provide economically and environmentally sound forest operations after forest fires.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND WATER QUALITY FOR TWO NEIGHBOURING WATERSHEDS IN KAHRAMANMARAS, TURKEY(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2016) Reis, Mahmut; Dindaroglu, Turgay; Akay, Abdullah EminAccurate estimation of sediment yield and water quality in a watershed may assist watershed managers to make correct and appropriate decisions. In this study, two neighbouring watersheds (Goksun and Hurman) located in south of Kahramanmaras, Turkey were evaluated in terms of their average annual sediment yield and water quality. The differences between these watersheds with respect to sediment yield and water quality were compared and then the reasons behind these differences were investigated. The climatic (precipitation, temperature) and some of the physiographic (elevation, area) characteristics were similar in both neighbouring watersheds. Therefore, three factors including ground slope, land use, and soil type were determined to evaluate sediment yield and water quality for both neighbouring watersheds. The results indicated that forests reduced sediment yield by tolerating negative consequences of other factors in the watershed areas. On the other hand, water quality was found to be low in a watershed area with relatively dense forest cover. The reason for this contradiction can be explained with effect of intense urbanization and consequent increase of population in the watershed.
