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    Cassava starch films with green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from date palm pits for active packaging
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Torche, Assala; Chouana, Toufik; Akachat, Belkis; Rekbi, Fares Mohammed Laid; Rahmani, Youcef; El Hadj, Mohamed Didi Ould; Saricaoglu, Furkan Turker
    Cassava starch-based nanocomposite films were developed by incorporating green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from date palm pits. ZnO NPs (0-4 wt%) were synthesized using a plant-mediated approach and embedded into starch matrices. XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM confirmed successful synthesis and uniform dispersion of hexagonal ZnO NPs (approximate to 63.7 nm). The films exhibited enhanced UV-light shielding and reduced moisture content. At higher NP loadings, surface roughness and agglomeration increased, reducing tensile strength. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a decrease in glass transition temperature (92.8 degrees C to 85.0 degrees C), suggesting increased molecular mobility. Antimicrobial tests revealed strong, dose-dependent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, but not Escherichia coli or the fungi Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata, likely due to limited ZnO release and bacterial cell wall differences. These results demonstrate the potential of cassava starch/ZnO films as sustainable, antimicrobial packaging materials to extend the shelf life of perishable foods.
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    Evaluation of Glycerol Concentration in the Production of Lemon Oil Incorporated Pectin-Based Films Using Principal Component Analysis
    (Mdpi, 2025) Akachat, Belkis; Himed, Louiza; Torche, Assala; Khelef, Yahia; Barkat, Malika; Salah, Merniz; Terzioglu, Pinar
    This research explores how varying glycerol concentrations (0-30 wt%) affect the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of pectin films, derived from Citrus limon waste and enriched with lemon essential oil. The films were produced using the casting method. The findings show that glycerol significantly impacts film thickness, swelling behavior, water solubility, moisture content, water vapor permeability, and structural and mechanical characteristics. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed molecular interactions between glycerol and the film matrix. Notably, films with 20-30 wt% glycerol had reduced transparency. Mechanically, glycerol increased the elongation at break, enhancing flexibility, while a 5 wt% glycerol concentration optimized tensile strength. However, higher glycerol levels led to decreased tensile strength. Principal Component Analysis identified 5 wt% glycerol as optimal for balancing flexibility and structural integrity. Additionally, glycerol-plasticized films were more hydrophilic than the control. These results highlight glycerol's crucial role as a plasticizer and the importance of precise concentration control in biodegradable film formulations.