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    Biochemical analysis of microbiotas obtained from healthy, prediabetic, type 2 diabetes, and obese individuals
    (2023) Düzgün, Çağla; Dede, Süreyya; Karakuş, Emine Karakuş; Adas, Mine; Bilen, Ömer
    Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the intesti- nal and urinary microbiota diversity of obese, pre-diabetic, diabetic, and healthy subjects together with their food con- sumption frequency and investigate the effect on glucose metabolism. Methods: DNA was isolated from stool and urinary sam- ples of fifteen obese, fifteen prediabetics, fifteen type 2 diabetic, and fifteen lean participants by using the quantita- tive real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The amounts of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes were measured and food consumption frequency was answered by all participants through a questionnaire. Results: The levels of Bifidobacterium in fecal microbiota were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients compared with lean (p=0.034), prediabetic (p=0.009), and obese par- ticipants (p=0.012). However, the levels of Bifidobacterium in urinary microbiota were decreased in obese, prediabetic, and type 2 diabetic subjects as controls (p=0.048; p=0.038; p=0.015 respectively). Additionally, Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio decreased in type two diabetic patients compared with lean subjects and had a negative correlation with BMI in prediabetic subjects. Food consumption frequency illustrates that lean subjects have unhealthy eating habits. Conclusions: Urinary microbiota could be considered in the future context of a potential biomarker in the progress of type 2 diabetes and obesity.