Düzgün, ÇağlaDede, SüreyyaKarakuş, Emine KarakuşAdas, MineBilen, Ömer2026-02-082026-02-0820231303-829X1303-829Xhttps://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2022-0110https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/4761Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the intesti- nal and urinary microbiota diversity of obese, pre-diabetic, diabetic, and healthy subjects together with their food con- sumption frequency and investigate the effect on glucose metabolism. Methods: DNA was isolated from stool and urinary sam- ples of fifteen obese, fifteen prediabetics, fifteen type 2 diabetic, and fifteen lean participants by using the quantita- tive real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The amounts of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes were measured and food consumption frequency was answered by all participants through a questionnaire. Results: The levels of Bifidobacterium in fecal microbiota were significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients compared with lean (p=0.034), prediabetic (p=0.009), and obese par- ticipants (p=0.012). However, the levels of Bifidobacterium in urinary microbiota were decreased in obese, prediabetic, and type 2 diabetic subjects as controls (p=0.048; p=0.038; p=0.015 respectively). Additionally, Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio decreased in type two diabetic patients compared with lean subjects and had a negative correlation with BMI in prediabetic subjects. Food consumption frequency illustrates that lean subjects have unhealthy eating habits. Conclusions: Urinary microbiota could be considered in the future context of a potential biomarker in the progress of type 2 diabetes and obesity.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessObesitymicrobiotatype 2 diabetesprediabetesreal-time qPCRArticle10.1515/tjb-2022-01104815865WOS:0008716224000012-s2.0-85141161653Q4N/A1252499