Nis, BernaOzsel, Burcak KayaKaya, Yunus2026-02-082026-02-0820240167-73221873-3166https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125462https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5752In this study, the effect of using environmentally friendly, less toxic, low cost, and easily recyclable deep eutectic solvent (DES) and low-transition temperature mixture (LTTM), which are alternatives to ionic liquids, on the conversion of biomass to levulinic acid (LA) was investigated. The reaction conditions such as temperature, the amount of feedstock, and the water ratio were optimized to ensure maximum product formation in DES (ChClEG)-water medium. The highest amount of LA (143.2 +/- 2.5 mg) under optimum reaction conditions was achieved by using glucose in a newly designed LTTM (SA:EG)-water solvent medium. Newly designed low-transition temperature mixture (SA:EG) characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. A comprehensive theoretical study was also performed to provide a deep understanding of the formation mechanisms of new LTTM by density functional theory (DFT), reduced density gradient (RDG), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) methods. The glucose conversion ratio increased from 70.2 % to 96.1 % in SA:EG-water medium. When microcrystalline cellulose, corn straw, and sorghum were used under the same conditions, 118.9 +/- 5.4, 36.8 +/- 9.4, and 32.6 +/- 3.4 mg of LA were obtained per g of feedstock. A typical Br & oslash;nsted acid; phosphotungstic acid (H3O40PW12) showed high catalytic activity, resulting in 229.0 +/- 0.32 mg of LA per g of glucose in SA:EG-water medium. This shows that the use of SA:EG LTTM for cellulosic/lignocellulosic biomass sources can be used favorably in conversion reactions.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDeep eutectic solvent (DES)Low-transition temperature mixture (LTTM)Levulinic acid (LA)Choline chloride (ChCl)Sulfamic acidEthylene glycolArticle10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125462409WOS:0012693883000012-s2.0-85198265539N/AQ1