Türkiye'de otomotiv sektöründe doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı ve bölgesel istihdam profilindeki değişim
Yükleniyor...
Dosyalar
Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türkiye'de sanayinin gelişimine bakıldığında Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayi'nde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları son derece önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çalışmamızın özeti olarak geriye doğru bir okuma yapılacak olur ise, 10 ar yıllık dönemler halinde ekonomi politikalarında denemeler yapıldığı ve otomotiv alanındaki girişimlerin önce devlet kontrolünde ilerlediği daha sonra ise, liberalleşme denemeleri ile özel teşebbüsün "Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye" olarak kendisini Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayi içerisinde var etmeye başladığı görülecektir. Ancak, kronolojik sürece değinmeden önce, Türk iktisadı içerisinde izlenen sanayi ve iktisat politikalarına bağlı yaşanan gelişmelere zemin hazırlayan iktisadi ve çevresel olaylara dair Küreselleşen Ekonomik Çerçeve, Ekonomi Politikaları, Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımı Olgusu ve İstihdam ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi başlıkları altında açıklanmış olan teorik arka plana değinmek gerekecektir. Bu bağlamda, Küreselleşmenin ekonomi alanında öne çıkan bir unsur olduğu görülmektedir. Ekonomik anlamda küreselleşme, ticari ve mali aktivitelerin sınırlardan bağımsız olarak genişlemesi ve sermaye akışının yoğunlaşması olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Gelişen sermaye hacmi ile araştırma alanlarına yatırım yapılması mümkün hale gelmektedir. Sürekli sermaye tarafından destek bulan araştırma faaliyetleri ticari hayat içerisinde rekabetin boyutunu da değiştirmektedir. Gelişen AR-GE yatırımları neticesinde artan karlılık ve üretim maliyetlerindeki azalma piyasaları rekabete daha açık hale getirmektedir. Bu noktada sermayenin hareketliliği ve esnekliği önemli rol üstlenmektedir. Sermayenin esnekliği ve farklı bölgelere ulaşabilmesi noktasında menşei ve hedef pazarlarda hakim bulunan "Ekonomi Politikalarının" önemli etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çerçevede, liberal ekonomik uygulamaların neticesine bağlı olarak ticaretin önündeki vergi engellerinin kaldırılması ile hedef pazarda teşvik edilen doğrudan yabancı sermayenin yerli üreticiler karşısında gerek ortaklık kurarak gerekse tek başına kendisini gösterebilmesinin önü açılmaktadır. Liberal uygulamaların yarattığı teşvik ile doğrudan yabancı sermaye aracılığı ile hareketliliği artan sermaye küreselleşme yönünde önemli bir adım atmış olmaktadır. Esnekliği artan ve gelişen sermayenin neticesinde istihdamın artması ve iş hacminin sürekli olarak büyümesi beklenmektedir. Sermayenin genişlemesinin Ekonomi içerisinde büyüme "Nominal Büyüme" ve "Reel Büyüme " olarak kendisini göstermesi beklenmektedir. Çalışmamızın kapsamı içerisinde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları çerçevesinde Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayi içerisinde gelişen ekonomik büyüme ve istihdam ilişkisi bu noktada önemli yer tutmaktadır. Bu sebeple, yabancı sermayenin Türkiye ekonomisi içerisinde varlığının ortaya çıkışı üzerine net bir yargıya varabilmek için Türkiye ekonomisin kısa geçmişine göz atmak germektedir. Bu bakışa göre Türk iktisadının ilerleyişinin Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye ile ilişkili olarak geçmişi dönemsel zeminde; "Kuruluş Dönemi ve Türk İktisadi Yapısının Yeniden Tasarlanması, Korumacı Devlet Politikaları ve Kalkınma Dönemi (1932-1948), İthal İkame Dönemi (1950-1980), Küreselleşme ve Finansal Serbesti Dönemi (1980- 2010) ve 2011-2020 Dönemi" olarak sıralanabilmektedir. Kuruluş Dönemi ve Türk İktisadi Yapısının Yeniden Tasarlanması dikkate alındığında, 1923 yılı ve sonrasında yeni kurulan cumhuriyetin sanayisinin yapılandırılmasına yönelik girişimlerin şekillendirilmesi ve özel sektörün gelişimine verilen desteğin sağlanmasına dair geçen süreç, Türk iktisadi yapısının şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Ancak, Batı gelişmiş olan sanayi kuruluşlarının ve sanayi örgütlenmelerine kıyasla eksik olan tecrübe ve kaynaklar sebebi ile süreç içerisindeki belirleyici misyon devlet yatırımları tarafından üstlenilmiştir. Bu çerçevede 1923 yılında 2. Teşviki Sanayi Kanunu düzenlenmiş ve yabancı sermayenin ekonomik yapı içerisindeki faaliyetleri kontrol altına alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu şekilde, henüz tecrübe aşamasında bulunan yerli yatırımın yabancı rakipleri karşısındaki rekabet kabiliyetinin sürdürülebilirliği amaçlanmıştır. Bu girişimin ana sebebi olarak 1915 yılında (1. Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu ) yerli yatırımın sektörel dağılım içerisindeki geri planda bulunan konumunun etkili olduğu görülmektedir. 1. Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu'nun yürürlüğe girmesi ile her ne kadar işletme sayısında olumlu yönde artış görülmüş olsa da yerli sermayenin geri planda seyreden durumu 2. Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunun gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Devam eden süreç içerisinde, gelişen 1929 Büyük Buhran ve yürürlüğe giren Türk Lirası'nı Koruma Kanunu ile 1923 yılında 1932 yılına kadar süreç içerisinde uygulanan ekonomi politikalarının liberal uygulamalardan uzaklaşmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Korumacı Devlet Politikaları ve Kalkınma Dönemi (1932-1948) içerisinde hissedilen Büyük Buhran sonrası tarım ürünlerinin getirisinde gelişen düşüş ile oluşan ekonomik sıkıntılar ve yerli sermayenin durumu devletin aktif müdahalesini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. 1929 yılında gümrük vergileri üzerinde uygulanan sınırlamanın sona ermesi ile kendi kendine yetebilecek bir ekonomik yapının inşasını mümkün hale getirmiştir. Gümrük vergilerinin sınırlandırılmasının sona ermesi ile 2. Teşvik-i Sanayi Kanunu'nun etkileri yerli girişimler üzerinde daha belirgin olarak görülmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak, 1939 yılına kadar olan ilerleyen dönemde Karma Ekonomik Model ile sayısı artmaya başlayan yerli sermaye girişimlerinin karşısında devlet firmalarının da sayılarının artmaya başlaması özel sektörün baskılamasına sebep olmuştur. 2. Dünya Savaşı'nın yaklaşması ve savaş sonrasında yaşanan 46 Devalüasyonu ise sınırlı olarak gelişimi sağlanmış olan özel teşebbüsün küçülmesinin ek sebepleri olarak görülmüşlerdir. İthal İkame Dönemi (1950-1980) içerisinde ise Türk Ekonomisi içerisinde İthal İkame anlayışı ile özel sektörün desteklenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu yeni strateji ile Koç Grubu ,Sabancı Grubu ve Eczacıbaşı gibi şirket gruplarının otomotiv sanayii içerisindeki özel teşebbüsler olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Süreç içerisinde teknoloji üretimi yerine teknoloji ithalatının artmasına yol açılmış ve hedeflenen yerli sanayi yabancı girişimlerin yerli sermaye ortaklıkları ile montaj hatları durumuna gelmesine sebep olunmuştur. Küreselleşme ve Finansal Serbesti Dönemi (1980-2010)'ne gelindiğinde ise bu sürecin Türk Ekonomisinde yeni bir dönüşümün fiilen başladığı yıllar olarak bilinmektedir. 80'li yıllar öncesine kadar ithal mallara karşı uygulanan korumacı politikalar bu dönem içerisinde tersine dönmüş ve ithal serbestinin uygulamaya alınması ile gümrük kotaları ve diğer bariyerler ticaretin önünden kaldırılmıştır. Bu şekilde herhangi bir denetime takılmaksızın ve bir müdahaleye maruz kalmaksızın yabancı sermayenin iç piyasaya nüfuz etmesinin önü açılmıştır. Yeni gelişen liberal uygulamaların neticesinde ortaya çıkması beklenen rekabet ortamının ticareti ve neticesinde sanayiyi büyüteceğine inanılmıştır. 1980 yılından 2009 yılına kadar geçen süreç içerisinde dış ticaret katlanarak artmıştır. 2009 yılında yaşanan Euro Krizi ile sanayinin tüm alanlarının daraldığı izlenmiştir. Bu dönemi takip eden 2011-2020 Dönemi temel olarak Türkiye'de olduğu kadar tüm Dünya'da da bir toparlanma süreci olarak görülmüştür. Ancak bu dönem içerisinde de genel olarak Türk ekonomisin deki dış ticaret açığının kapanmadığı ve daha önceki dönemlerde de olduğu gibi ithalatın ihracatın önünde seyrettiği görülmektedir. Yukarıda bahsi geçen dönemlerin tamamına bakıldığında, özel teşebbüsün ve sermayenin Türk ekonomisi içerisindeki konumunun belirlenme sürecinin 1923 yılından 2010 yılına kadar uygulanan çeşitli ekonomi politikaları ile şekillendirilmeye çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Ekonomi politikalarının uygulanmasına Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye açısından bakıldığında ise, gerçek anlamda liberal politikaların uygulanmasının miladı olarak 1946 yılı ve 46 Devalüasyonu sonraları görülebilmektedir. 1946 sonrasında varlığına müsaade edilen ve yerli yatırımların ortaklıkları ile pazara nüfuz eden yabancı firmaların temsilcilikleri her alanda olduğu gibi yeni oluşan Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayii içerisinde de kendilerini göstermeye başlamıştır. İthal ikame dönemi ile 1960 yılında Ford Otosan Fabrikası, 1966 yılında M.A.N Otobüs Fabrikası, 1967'de Mercedes Benz Otobüs Fabrikası, 1968 yılında Tofaş Türk Otomobil Fabrikası ve 1969 yılında Renault Otomobil Fabrikası açılmıştır. Faaliyete geçen bu tesisler istihdamı yarattıkları çevreler içerisinde sosyal dokunun yeniden şekillenmesine katkı sağlamışlardır. Bu tesislerin çatısı altında istihdam edilen çalışanlar, çalışmamızın içeriğinde İşçi, Büro Çalışanı, Yönetici, Mühendis ve Yönetici Mühendis başlıkları altına genel profiller olarak sınıflandırılarak, 2000-2020 yıllarına göre istihdam oranlarının değişimi dikkate alınmıştır. OSD kaynakları kullanılarak derlenen işbu veriler, her grubun bir önceki yıllar ile kıyaslanarak doğrudan yabancı sermaye desteği ile tesis edilen otomotiv ana sanayi kuruluşlarındaki çalışan profilinin değişimi ortaya koymak için kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde ilgili otomotiv ana sanayi kuruluşlarının konumlandırıldıkları bölgelerdeki istihdama olan katkıları grafik ve tablolar üzerinde gösterilerek izah edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı olarak, 1923 yılından itibaren izlenen ekonomi politikalarının Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayi'ne olan etkilerini doğrudan yabancı sermaye çerçevesinde göstermek ve izlenen politikalar neticesinde oluşan yabancı sermaye yoğunluğunun Türk Otomotiv Ana Sanayi'nin bölgesel istihdamının şekillenmesinde kendisini nasıl gösterdiğinin analizi olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Çalışmamız içerisinde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının ülke ekonomisine nüfuz edene kadar geçen süredeki ekonomik ve siyasi süreçlerin çıktıları ve uygulanan stratejilerin teorik ar kaplanları üzerine değinilmektedir. Bu teorik ve pratik uygulamaların sonucunda, doğrudan yabancı sermaye katkısı ile faaliyette bulunan otomotiv ana sanayi firmalarının çatısı altında istihdam edilen meslek profillerinin bölgesel istihdam içerisinde yıllara göre değişimi ve 2020 yılı itibari ile durumu ele alınmaktadır.
Looking at the development of the industry in Turkey, foreign direct investments have an extremely important place in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry. If a backward reading is to be made as a summary of our study, it is seen that the economic policies were tried in 10-year periods and the initiatives in the automotive field were first under the control of the state, and then, with the liberalization trials, the private enterprise found itself in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry as "Foreign Direct Capital". will start to appear. However, before mentioning the chronological process, it will be necessary to mention the theoretical background, which is explained under the headings of the Globalizing Economic Framework, Economic Policies, Foreign Capital Investment Phenomenon and the Relationship between Employment and Economic Growth, regarding the economic and environmental events that pave the way for the developments in the Turkish economy due to the industrial and economic policies. . In this context, it is seen that Globalization is a prominent factor in the field of economy. In economic terms, globalization is considered as the expansion of commercial and financial activities independent of borders and the intensification of capital flows. With the developing capital volume, it becomes possible to invest in research areas. Research activities, which are constantly supported by capital, also change the size of competition in commercial life. Increasing profitability as a result of developing R&D investments and decreasing production costs make the markets more open to competition. At this point, the mobility and flexibility of the capital play an important role. It is known that the "Economic Policies", which dominate the origin and target markets, have a significant impact on the flexibility of capital and its ability to reach different regions. In this framework, with the removal of tax barriers in front of trade, depending on the result of liberal economic practices, the way for foreign direct capital encouraged in the target market to show itself against domestic producers either by establishing partnerships or by itself is cleared. With the incentive created by liberal practices, capital, whose mobility has increased through foreign direct capital, has taken an important step towards globalization. As a result of increasing flexibility and developing capital, employment is expected to increase and business volume is expected to grow continuously. It is expected that the expansion of capital will show itself as growth "Nominal Growth" and "Real Growth" in the economy. Within the scope of our study, the relationship between economic growth and employment in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry within the framework of foreign direct investments has an important place at this point. For this reason, it is necessary to take a look at the short history of the Turkish economy in order to come to a clear judgment on the emergence of foreign capital in the Turkish economy. According to this point of view, the history of the progress of the Turkish economy in relation to Foreign Direct Capital is on a periodic basis; It can be listed as "The Establishment Period and the Redesign of the Turkish Economic Structure, the Protectionist State Policies and the Development Period (1932-1948), the Import Substitution Period (1950-1980), the Globalization and Financial Liberalization Period (1980-2010) and the 2011-2020 Period". Considering the Establishment Period and the Redesign of the Turkish Economic Structure, the process of shaping the initiatives for the restructuring of the industry of the newly established republic in 1923 and after and providing the support given to the development of the private sector played an important role in the shaping of the Turkish economic structure. However, due to the lack of experience and resources compared to the western developed industrial establishments and industrial organizations, the decisive mission in the process was undertaken by state investments. In this framework, the Second Incentive Industry Law was issued in 1923 and the activities of foreign capital in the economic structure were tried to be controlled. In this way, it is aimed to sustain the competitiveness of the domestic investment, which is still in the experimental stage, against its foreign competitors. As the main reason for this initiative, it is seen that the position of domestic investment in the background in the sectoral distribution in 1915 (1st Encouragement-i Industry Law) was effective. Although there was a positive increase in the number of enterprises with the entry into force of the 1. Encouragement-i Industry Law, the background situation of domestic capital revealed the necessity of the 2. Incentive-i Industry Law. In the ongoing process, with the Great Depression of 1929 and the Law on the Protection of the Turkish Lira that came into force, it is seen that the economic policies implemented in the process from 1923 until 1932 began to move away from liberal practices. After the Great Depression, which was felt in the Protectionist State Policies and Development Period (1932-1948), agricultural products The economic problems caused by the decrease in the income and the situation of the domestic capital made the active intervention of the state compulsory. With the end of the limitation on customs duties in 1929, it made it possible to build a self-sufficient economic structure. With the end of the limitation of customs duties, the effects of the 2nd Encouragement-i Industry Law began to be seen more clearly on domestic enterprises. However, in the advancing period until 1939, the increase in the number of state firms in the face of domestic capital initiatives, the number of which began to increase with the Mixed Economic Model, led to the suppression of the private sector. The approach of World War II and the Develuation of 46 after the war were seen as additional reasons for the downsizing of the private enterprise, which had limited development. During the Import Substitution Period (1950-1980), it was aimed to support the private sector with the concept of Import Substitution in the Turkish Economy. With this new strategy, it has been seen that company groups such as Koç Group, Sabancı Group and Eczacıbaşı emerged as private enterprises within the automotive industry. In the process, technology imports have increased instead of technology production, and the targeted domestic industry and foreign enterprises have become assembly lines with domestic capital partnerships. When it comes to the Globalization and Financial Liberalization Period (1980-2010), this process is known as the years when a new transformation in the Turkish Economy actually started. The protectionist policies applied against imported goods until the 80s were reversed during this period and customs quotas and other barriers were removed from the trade with the implementation of the import freedom. In this way, it has been paved the way for foreign capital to penetrate the domestic market without being subject to any control and interference. It is believed that the competitive environment that is expected to emerge as a result of newly developing liberal practices will expand the trade and the industry as a result. During the period from 1980 to 2009, foreign trade has increased exponentially. With the Euro Crisis experienced in 2009, it was observed that all areas of the industry contracted. The 2011-2020 period following this period has been seen as a recovery process in the whole world as well as in Turkey. However, in this period, it is seen that the foreign trade deficit in the Turkish economy did not close in general and imports were ahead of exports as in previous periods. Looking at all of the above-mentioned periods, it is seen that the process of determining the position of private enterprise and capital in the Turkish economy was tried to be shaped by various economic policies implemented from 1923 to 2010. When we look at the implementation of economic policies from the point of view of Foreign Direct Capital, 1946 and the aftermath of the 46th Devolution can be seen as the turning point of the implementation of liberal policies in real terms. The representations of foreign companies that were allowed to exist after 1946 and that penetrated the market with the partnerships of domestic investments began to show themselves in the newly formed Turkish Automotive Main Industry, as in every field. With the import substitution period, Ford Otosan Factory in 1960, M.A.N Bus Factory in 1966, Mercedes Benz Bus Factory in 1967, Tofaş Turkish Automobile Factory in 1968 and Renault Automobile Factory in 1969 were opened. These facilities, which became operational, contributed to the reshaping of the social fabric in the environments where they created employment. Employees employed under the roof of these facilities were classified as general profiles under the headings of Worker, Office Worker, Manager, Engineer and Executive Engineer, and the change in employment rates according to the years 2000-2020 was taken into account. These data, compiled using OSD resources, were compared with the previous years and used to reveal the change in the employee profile of the automotive main industry companies established with direct foreign capital support. In this way, the contribution of the relevant automotive industry companies to employment in the regions where they are located has been tried to be explained by showing them on graphs and tables. The aim of our study can be defined as showing the effects of the economic policies followed since 1923 on the Turkish Automotive Main Industry within the framework of direct foreign capital and analyzing how the foreign capital intensity formed as a result of the policies followed manifests itself in the shaping of the regional employment of the Turkish Automotive Main Industry. In our study, the outputs of the economic and political processes and the theoretical backgrounds of the applied strategies are discussed until the foreign direct investments penetrate the country's economy. As a result of agile practices, the changes in the occupational profiles employed under the roof of the automotive main industry companies operating with the contribution of foreign direct capital according to the years in regional employment and their situation as of 2020 are discussed.
Looking at the development of the industry in Turkey, foreign direct investments have an extremely important place in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry. If a backward reading is to be made as a summary of our study, it is seen that the economic policies were tried in 10-year periods and the initiatives in the automotive field were first under the control of the state, and then, with the liberalization trials, the private enterprise found itself in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry as "Foreign Direct Capital". will start to appear. However, before mentioning the chronological process, it will be necessary to mention the theoretical background, which is explained under the headings of the Globalizing Economic Framework, Economic Policies, Foreign Capital Investment Phenomenon and the Relationship between Employment and Economic Growth, regarding the economic and environmental events that pave the way for the developments in the Turkish economy due to the industrial and economic policies. . In this context, it is seen that Globalization is a prominent factor in the field of economy. In economic terms, globalization is considered as the expansion of commercial and financial activities independent of borders and the intensification of capital flows. With the developing capital volume, it becomes possible to invest in research areas. Research activities, which are constantly supported by capital, also change the size of competition in commercial life. Increasing profitability as a result of developing R&D investments and decreasing production costs make the markets more open to competition. At this point, the mobility and flexibility of the capital play an important role. It is known that the "Economic Policies", which dominate the origin and target markets, have a significant impact on the flexibility of capital and its ability to reach different regions. In this framework, with the removal of tax barriers in front of trade, depending on the result of liberal economic practices, the way for foreign direct capital encouraged in the target market to show itself against domestic producers either by establishing partnerships or by itself is cleared. With the incentive created by liberal practices, capital, whose mobility has increased through foreign direct capital, has taken an important step towards globalization. As a result of increasing flexibility and developing capital, employment is expected to increase and business volume is expected to grow continuously. It is expected that the expansion of capital will show itself as growth "Nominal Growth" and "Real Growth" in the economy. Within the scope of our study, the relationship between economic growth and employment in the Turkish Automotive Main Industry within the framework of foreign direct investments has an important place at this point. For this reason, it is necessary to take a look at the short history of the Turkish economy in order to come to a clear judgment on the emergence of foreign capital in the Turkish economy. According to this point of view, the history of the progress of the Turkish economy in relation to Foreign Direct Capital is on a periodic basis; It can be listed as "The Establishment Period and the Redesign of the Turkish Economic Structure, the Protectionist State Policies and the Development Period (1932-1948), the Import Substitution Period (1950-1980), the Globalization and Financial Liberalization Period (1980-2010) and the 2011-2020 Period". Considering the Establishment Period and the Redesign of the Turkish Economic Structure, the process of shaping the initiatives for the restructuring of the industry of the newly established republic in 1923 and after and providing the support given to the development of the private sector played an important role in the shaping of the Turkish economic structure. However, due to the lack of experience and resources compared to the western developed industrial establishments and industrial organizations, the decisive mission in the process was undertaken by state investments. In this framework, the Second Incentive Industry Law was issued in 1923 and the activities of foreign capital in the economic structure were tried to be controlled. In this way, it is aimed to sustain the competitiveness of the domestic investment, which is still in the experimental stage, against its foreign competitors. As the main reason for this initiative, it is seen that the position of domestic investment in the background in the sectoral distribution in 1915 (1st Encouragement-i Industry Law) was effective. Although there was a positive increase in the number of enterprises with the entry into force of the 1. Encouragement-i Industry Law, the background situation of domestic capital revealed the necessity of the 2. Incentive-i Industry Law. In the ongoing process, with the Great Depression of 1929 and the Law on the Protection of the Turkish Lira that came into force, it is seen that the economic policies implemented in the process from 1923 until 1932 began to move away from liberal practices. After the Great Depression, which was felt in the Protectionist State Policies and Development Period (1932-1948), agricultural products The economic problems caused by the decrease in the income and the situation of the domestic capital made the active intervention of the state compulsory. With the end of the limitation on customs duties in 1929, it made it possible to build a self-sufficient economic structure. With the end of the limitation of customs duties, the effects of the 2nd Encouragement-i Industry Law began to be seen more clearly on domestic enterprises. However, in the advancing period until 1939, the increase in the number of state firms in the face of domestic capital initiatives, the number of which began to increase with the Mixed Economic Model, led to the suppression of the private sector. The approach of World War II and the Develuation of 46 after the war were seen as additional reasons for the downsizing of the private enterprise, which had limited development. During the Import Substitution Period (1950-1980), it was aimed to support the private sector with the concept of Import Substitution in the Turkish Economy. With this new strategy, it has been seen that company groups such as Koç Group, Sabancı Group and Eczacıbaşı emerged as private enterprises within the automotive industry. In the process, technology imports have increased instead of technology production, and the targeted domestic industry and foreign enterprises have become assembly lines with domestic capital partnerships. When it comes to the Globalization and Financial Liberalization Period (1980-2010), this process is known as the years when a new transformation in the Turkish Economy actually started. The protectionist policies applied against imported goods until the 80s were reversed during this period and customs quotas and other barriers were removed from the trade with the implementation of the import freedom. In this way, it has been paved the way for foreign capital to penetrate the domestic market without being subject to any control and interference. It is believed that the competitive environment that is expected to emerge as a result of newly developing liberal practices will expand the trade and the industry as a result. During the period from 1980 to 2009, foreign trade has increased exponentially. With the Euro Crisis experienced in 2009, it was observed that all areas of the industry contracted. The 2011-2020 period following this period has been seen as a recovery process in the whole world as well as in Turkey. However, in this period, it is seen that the foreign trade deficit in the Turkish economy did not close in general and imports were ahead of exports as in previous periods. Looking at all of the above-mentioned periods, it is seen that the process of determining the position of private enterprise and capital in the Turkish economy was tried to be shaped by various economic policies implemented from 1923 to 2010. When we look at the implementation of economic policies from the point of view of Foreign Direct Capital, 1946 and the aftermath of the 46th Devolution can be seen as the turning point of the implementation of liberal policies in real terms. The representations of foreign companies that were allowed to exist after 1946 and that penetrated the market with the partnerships of domestic investments began to show themselves in the newly formed Turkish Automotive Main Industry, as in every field. With the import substitution period, Ford Otosan Factory in 1960, M.A.N Bus Factory in 1966, Mercedes Benz Bus Factory in 1967, Tofaş Turkish Automobile Factory in 1968 and Renault Automobile Factory in 1969 were opened. These facilities, which became operational, contributed to the reshaping of the social fabric in the environments where they created employment. Employees employed under the roof of these facilities were classified as general profiles under the headings of Worker, Office Worker, Manager, Engineer and Executive Engineer, and the change in employment rates according to the years 2000-2020 was taken into account. These data, compiled using OSD resources, were compared with the previous years and used to reveal the change in the employee profile of the automotive main industry companies established with direct foreign capital support. In this way, the contribution of the relevant automotive industry companies to employment in the regions where they are located has been tried to be explained by showing them on graphs and tables. The aim of our study can be defined as showing the effects of the economic policies followed since 1923 on the Turkish Automotive Main Industry within the framework of direct foreign capital and analyzing how the foreign capital intensity formed as a result of the policies followed manifests itself in the shaping of the regional employment of the Turkish Automotive Main Industry. In our study, the outputs of the economic and political processes and the theoretical backgrounds of the applied strategies are discussed until the foreign direct investments penetrate the country's economy. As a result of agile practices, the changes in the occupational profiles employed under the roof of the automotive main industry companies operating with the contribution of foreign direct capital according to the years in regional employment and their situation as of 2020 are discussed.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Economics, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri, Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, İşletme, Business Administration, Ekonomi, Doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları, Foreign direct investments, Otomotiv, Automotive, Otomotiv sektörü, Automotive sector, Yabancı sermaye yatırımları, Foreign capital investments, Yatırımlar, Investments, İstihdam, Employment, İstihdam politikaları, Employment policies
