Güney Marmara Bölgesi'nde çam kozalak emici böceği (Leptoglossus occidentalis)'nin karaçam (Pinus nigra) tohumlarına etkisi
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Tarih
2024
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Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Karaçam (Pinus nigra) Türkiye'deki en önemli asli orman ağaçlarından biridir. Son dönemlerde karaçam tohumlarında düşük çimlenme oranları gözlemlenmektedir. Diğer yandan Çam Kozalak Emici Böceğinin (Leptoglossus occidentalis) (ÇKEB) son yıllarda ülkemizdeki çam ormanlarında yaygınlaştığı kaydedilmektedir. ÇKEB etkin olduğu ormanlarda, sağlam tohum oranını ve çimlenme yüzdesini oldukça düşürmektedir. Bu çalışmada ÇKEB'nin orijin ve orijin içinde ağaç bazında karaçam tohumlarına etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Güney Marmara Bölgesinde 6 farklı karaçam orijininde (Çan, Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles, Bozüyük, Armutlu) yürütülmüştür. Her orijinde 35 adet ağaçtan 5'er adet kozalak olmak üzere toplamda 210 ağaçtan 1050 adet kozalak toplanmıştır. 30 ağaçtan toplanan kozalaklardan tohumlar çıkarılılıp karştırıldıktan sonra rastgele seçilen 500 (5*100) tohuma kesme testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca her bir orijinde 5 ağaçtan toplanan 25 kozalaktaki tohumlar sayılarak çıkarılmış ve ÇKEB'nin ağaç bazında etkisini belirlemek amacıyla bu tohumlara da kesme testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmadaki orijinlerin 1000-dane ağırlıkları ve çimlenme yüzdeleri belirlenmiştir. Sağlam ve böcekli tohum oranı bakımından orijinler arasında belirgin farklar kaydedilmiştir. 6 adet orijinin genel ortalama sağlam tohum miktarı %70,7, ortalama böcekli tohum miktarı %29,3 ve ortalama boş tohum miktarı %0,0 olarak bulunmuştur. En yüksek sağlam tohum yüzdesi 77,4 Bigadiç orijinde, en yüksek böcekli tohum yüzdesi 45,4 ise Armutlu orijininde tespit edilmiştir. 3 orijinde (Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles) sağlam tohum yüzdesi ağaçlar arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir. Kozalaktan çıkan tohum sayısı bakımından orjinler arasında önemli farklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Kozalaktan çıkan genel ortalama tohum sayısı 42 olup en fazla tohum Bigadiç orijininde (50,3) en az ise Bozüyük orijininde (33,0) bulunmuştur. Ortalama 1000-dane ağırlığı 21,68 gr olarak tespit edilmiştir. Orijinlerin genel ortalama çimlenme yüzdesi (ÇY) %59,7, ortalama çimlenme hızı (OÇS) ise 7,9 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çimlenme yüzdesi en yüksek (%79.0) Dursunbey orijininde, en düşük (%43.8) ise Armutlu orijininde gerçekleşmiştir. Mevcut çalışma ÇKEB'nin ülkemizdeki ibreli türlerde oldukça etkili olduğu bilgisini desteklemektedir. Söz konusu böceğin değişik ibreli türlerde ve bölgelerde etkinliği ile ilgili ilave çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.
Black Pine (Pinus nigra) is one of the most important forest trees in Türkiye. Recently, low germination rates have been observed in P. nigra seeds. On the other hand, it is recorded that the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) (WCSB) has become widespread in the pine forests of our country in recent years. In forests where WCSB is active, it significantly reduces the sound seed rate and germination percentage. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of WCSB P. nigra seeds on the basis of the origins and individual trees in the origins. The research was carried out in 6 different P. nigra origins (Çan, Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles, Bozüyük, Armutlu) in the Southern Marmara Region. A total of 1050 cones were collected from 210 trees, 5 cones from 35 trees at each origin. After the seeds were extracted from the cones collected from 30 trees and mixed, a cutting test was applied to 500 (5*100) randomly selected seeds. In addition, the seeds in 25 cones collected from 5 trees at each origin were counted and extracted, and a cutting test was applied to these seeds in order to determine the effects of WCSB on a tree basis. 1000-seed weights and germination percentages of the origins in the study were determined. Significant differences have been recorded between the origins in terms of the proportion of sound and insect infected seeds. The overall average amount of sound seeds of 6 origins was found to be 70.7%, the average amount of insect infected seeds was 29.3% and the average amount of empty seeds was 0.0%. The highest percentage of sound seeds was 77.4 in Bigadiç origin and the highest percentage of insect infected seeds was 45.4 in Armutlu. The percentage of sound seeds in 3 origins (Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles) demonstrated significant differences between trees. Significant differences have emerged between the origins in terms of the number of seeds emerging from the cone. The overall average number of seeds from the cone was 42.0, with the highest number of seeds in Bigadiç origin (50.3) and the least in Bozüyük (33.0). The mean weight of 1000-seed was determined as 21.68 g. The overall average germination percentage (GP) of the origins was 59.7% and the average germination rate (MGT) was 7.9 days. The highest germination percentage (79.0%) was in Dursunbey origin and the lowest (43.8%) was in Armutlu. The present study supports the knowledge that WCSB is very effective in pine tree species in our country. Additional studies should be carried out on the activity of the insect in different pine species and regions.
Black Pine (Pinus nigra) is one of the most important forest trees in Türkiye. Recently, low germination rates have been observed in P. nigra seeds. On the other hand, it is recorded that the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) (WCSB) has become widespread in the pine forests of our country in recent years. In forests where WCSB is active, it significantly reduces the sound seed rate and germination percentage. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of WCSB P. nigra seeds on the basis of the origins and individual trees in the origins. The research was carried out in 6 different P. nigra origins (Çan, Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles, Bozüyük, Armutlu) in the Southern Marmara Region. A total of 1050 cones were collected from 210 trees, 5 cones from 35 trees at each origin. After the seeds were extracted from the cones collected from 30 trees and mixed, a cutting test was applied to 500 (5*100) randomly selected seeds. In addition, the seeds in 25 cones collected from 5 trees at each origin were counted and extracted, and a cutting test was applied to these seeds in order to determine the effects of WCSB on a tree basis. 1000-seed weights and germination percentages of the origins in the study were determined. Significant differences have been recorded between the origins in terms of the proportion of sound and insect infected seeds. The overall average amount of sound seeds of 6 origins was found to be 70.7%, the average amount of insect infected seeds was 29.3% and the average amount of empty seeds was 0.0%. The highest percentage of sound seeds was 77.4 in Bigadiç origin and the highest percentage of insect infected seeds was 45.4 in Armutlu. The percentage of sound seeds in 3 origins (Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Keles) demonstrated significant differences between trees. Significant differences have emerged between the origins in terms of the number of seeds emerging from the cone. The overall average number of seeds from the cone was 42.0, with the highest number of seeds in Bigadiç origin (50.3) and the least in Bozüyük (33.0). The mean weight of 1000-seed was determined as 21.68 g. The overall average germination percentage (GP) of the origins was 59.7% and the average germination rate (MGT) was 7.9 days. The highest germination percentage (79.0%) was in Dursunbey origin and the lowest (43.8%) was in Armutlu. The present study supports the knowledge that WCSB is very effective in pine tree species in our country. Additional studies should be carried out on the activity of the insect in different pine species and regions.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Forestry and Forest Engineering
