Biyolojik ekstrakt içerikli uyarıcı pasta hazırlanması ve akma reçine üretiminde kullanılması
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
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Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Ülkemizde reçine üretimine elverişli türler, özellikle Akdeniz, Ege ve Marmara bölgesinde başta kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten) ve sahil çamı (Pinus pinaster) olmak üzere yüksek reçine oranı olan zengin ibreli ağaç envanterimiz bulunmaktadır. Ancak ne yazık ki ülkemizde reçine üretimi son derece kısıtlı olup, ilgili sanayiler bu kalemde dışa bağımlı durumdadırlar. Kullanım alanlarının genişliği ile de dikkat çeken reçinedeki terebentinden; dezenfektan parfüm, yapıştırıcı, böcek ilaçları, zamk, temizlik kimyasal katkıları ve tekstil katkı kimyasallarına kadar çok sayıda ürün elde edilmektedir. Kolofandan, kâğıt, sabun, deterjan, kozmetik, boya, vernik, kauçuk ve yüzey parlatma endüstrisinde de faydalanılmaktadır. Planlamadaki yetersizlikler, üretim metotlarının geliştirilememesi, ürün kalitesinin yükseltilememesi ve yüksek maliyetler gibi sebeplerle ülkemizde reçine üretimi istenilen ölçüde yapılamamaktadır. Akma reçine üretiminde kullanılan uyarıcı nitelikteki kimyasallar, çoğunlukla verimi arttırmak ve yara donmasını geciktirmek için tatbik edilmektedir. Terebentinin uçarak açık yaraların hızla donması ve reçine akışının durması reçine üretiminde istenmeyen bir durumdur. Bu durumda yaraların işçiler tarafından tazelenmesi ve stimulant (uyarıcı kimyasal) uygulamasının tekrar tekrar yapılması gerekir ki bu doğal olarak işçilik maliyetlerini yükseltmekte ve bu alana yatırımı engellemektedir. Asit pasta metodunda kullanılan asitli kimyasalların işçi ve çevre sağlığına zararlı etkileri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca asitli bileşenler reçine kanallarını tahrip ederek kanallarda reçine birikmesine (çıralanma), koyu kırmızı renk oluşmasına neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Çıralanma reçine üretildikten sonra sanayide kullanılacak odunun kalitesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan kızılçam zararlısı olan kabuk böcekleri, Orthotomicus erosus (Akdeniz çam kabuk böceği) ve Ips sexdentatus'un (Oniki dişli çam kabuk böceği) ergin bireyleri Balıkesir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü'nde yürütülen bir çalışmadan temin edilmiştir. İbreli ağaç zararlısı olan kabuk böcekleri ağaçlara arız oldukları ve reçine salgısını tetikleyebildikleri doğal ortamlarında saldırdıkları ağaçların yakınlarına kurulan türe has feromon tuzaklarına çekilerek toplanmış ve kısa sürede laboratuvar ortamına getirilerek toz haline getirilmiştir. Kabuk böcekleri kullanılarak yeni bir biyolojik pasta üretilmiş ve kızılçam ağaçları üzerinde açık yaralar üzerinde uygulanarak reçine salgısına etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Kabuk böcekleri kullanılarak hazırlanan ekstrakta, etil alkol ve gliserol katkısı ile biyolojik katkılı stimulant 3 farklı konsantrasyonda hazırlanarak standart asit pasta ile verim, safsızlık, terebentin yüzdesi, terebentinde GC-MS analizi ve kolofan örneklerinde FTIR analizi gerçekleştirilerek reçine ve bileşenleri kimyasal içerik karakterizasyonu karşılaştırması yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda biyolojik pasta formülasyonlarının kullanılmasıyla ticari asit pasta örneklerinde görülen yaralı bölgeyi çok tahrip edip koyu kırmızı renk oluşumunun görülmediği, reçine verim sonuçlarında biyolojik pasta kullanılan örneklerde pozitif artışlar olduğu, biyolojik pasta formülasyonunda kullanılan gliserinin başarılı sonuçlar verdiği, reçine safsızlığı için reçine üretimi yapılacak alanların işletme amacına uygun şekilde hazırlanması gerektiği görülmüştür. GC-MS analizleri sonucunda üç farklı stimulant tipinde, terebentinde en fazla bulunan bileşenler α-pınene, delta3-carene, 2-β-pınene, limonene, alpha-terpineol, camphene ve caryophyllene olarak bulunmuştur. Kabuk böcekleri ile geliştirilen biyolojik pastanın geleneksel ticari asit pasta yerine kullanabileceğine inanılmaktadır. Kabuk böceklerinin feromon tuzaklarda toplanması ve faydalı bir ürüne dönüştürülmesi çalışmanın dikkat çeken diğer önemli ve inovatif çıktısı sayılabilir. Bununla birlikte bu çalışmanın konu hakkında çok sayıda ve detaylı yeni araştırmalara da yol açabileceğine inanılmaktadır.
Suitable species for resin production in our country, especially red pine (Pinus brutia Ten) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) naturally growing in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Marmara regions, have a high resin content. Unfortunately, resin production in our country is extremely limited and related industries are dependent on imports in this regard. Turpentine, which stands out with its wide range of uses, is used to obtain numerous products ranging from disinfectant perfumes, adhesives, insecticides, varnishes, cleaning chemical additives, and textile additives. It is also used in industries such as rosin, paper, soap, detergents, cosmetics, paints, varnishes, rubber, and surface polishing. Due to inadequacies in planning, inability to develop production methods, inability to improve product quality, and high costs, resin production in our country cannot be carried out to the desired extent. Stimulant chemicals used in crude resin production are usually applied to increase productivity and delay wound healing. It is an undesirable situation in resin production when turpentine evaporates, causing open wounds to heal rapidly and resin flow to stop. In this case, the wounds need to be refreshed by workers, and the application of the stimulant chemical needs to be repeated, which naturally increases labor costs and hinders investment in this field. The acidic chemicals used in the acid paste method have harmful effects on worker and environmental health. Additionally, acidic components are known to damage resin channels, leading to resin accumulation (gummosis) in the channels and the formation of a dark red color. Gummosis adv In this study, adult individuals of bark beetles Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine bark beetle) and Ips sexdentatus (Twelve-spined pine bark beetle), which are harmful to red pine, were obtained from a study conducted by the Balıkesir Regional Directorate of Forestry. Bark beetles, which are harmful to needle trees, attack trees in their natural environments where they cause damage and trigger resin secretion. They are attracted to species-specific pheromone traps placed near the attacked trees and are collected, then quickly brought to the laboratory and turned into powder. A new biological paste was produced using bark beetles, and its effects on resin secretion were observed by applying it on open wounds on red pine trees. An extract prepared using bark beetles was prepared in three different concentrations with the addition of ethanol and glycerol to create a biologically enhanced stimulant. The resin and its components were chemically characterized in terms of yield, impurity, terpentine percentage, GC-MS analysis of terpentine, and FTIR analysis of rosin samples and the effects of stimulants on results were discussed. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the use of biological paste formulations did not cause significant damage to the wounded area or the formation of a dark red color, which are commonly seen in commercial acid paste samples. There were positive increases in resin yield results when biological paste was used. Glycerol used in the biological paste formulation yielded successful results. It was observed that areas for resin production should be prepared in accordance with the operational purpose for resin impurity. GC-MS analyses revealed that the most abundant components in the three different stimulant types were α-pinene, Delta3-carene, 2-β-pinene, limonene, alpha-terpineol, camphene, and caryophyllene. It is believed that the biological paste developed with bark beetles can be used as an alternative to traditional commercial acid paste. Collecting bark beetles in pheromone traps and turning them into a useful products can be counted as remarkable and inovative output of this study. It is also believed that this study may lead to numerous and detailed new studies on the subjects.
Suitable species for resin production in our country, especially red pine (Pinus brutia Ten) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) naturally growing in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Marmara regions, have a high resin content. Unfortunately, resin production in our country is extremely limited and related industries are dependent on imports in this regard. Turpentine, which stands out with its wide range of uses, is used to obtain numerous products ranging from disinfectant perfumes, adhesives, insecticides, varnishes, cleaning chemical additives, and textile additives. It is also used in industries such as rosin, paper, soap, detergents, cosmetics, paints, varnishes, rubber, and surface polishing. Due to inadequacies in planning, inability to develop production methods, inability to improve product quality, and high costs, resin production in our country cannot be carried out to the desired extent. Stimulant chemicals used in crude resin production are usually applied to increase productivity and delay wound healing. It is an undesirable situation in resin production when turpentine evaporates, causing open wounds to heal rapidly and resin flow to stop. In this case, the wounds need to be refreshed by workers, and the application of the stimulant chemical needs to be repeated, which naturally increases labor costs and hinders investment in this field. The acidic chemicals used in the acid paste method have harmful effects on worker and environmental health. Additionally, acidic components are known to damage resin channels, leading to resin accumulation (gummosis) in the channels and the formation of a dark red color. Gummosis adv In this study, adult individuals of bark beetles Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine bark beetle) and Ips sexdentatus (Twelve-spined pine bark beetle), which are harmful to red pine, were obtained from a study conducted by the Balıkesir Regional Directorate of Forestry. Bark beetles, which are harmful to needle trees, attack trees in their natural environments where they cause damage and trigger resin secretion. They are attracted to species-specific pheromone traps placed near the attacked trees and are collected, then quickly brought to the laboratory and turned into powder. A new biological paste was produced using bark beetles, and its effects on resin secretion were observed by applying it on open wounds on red pine trees. An extract prepared using bark beetles was prepared in three different concentrations with the addition of ethanol and glycerol to create a biologically enhanced stimulant. The resin and its components were chemically characterized in terms of yield, impurity, terpentine percentage, GC-MS analysis of terpentine, and FTIR analysis of rosin samples and the effects of stimulants on results were discussed. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the use of biological paste formulations did not cause significant damage to the wounded area or the formation of a dark red color, which are commonly seen in commercial acid paste samples. There were positive increases in resin yield results when biological paste was used. Glycerol used in the biological paste formulation yielded successful results. It was observed that areas for resin production should be prepared in accordance with the operational purpose for resin impurity. GC-MS analyses revealed that the most abundant components in the three different stimulant types were α-pinene, Delta3-carene, 2-β-pinene, limonene, alpha-terpineol, camphene, and caryophyllene. It is believed that the biological paste developed with bark beetles can be used as an alternative to traditional commercial acid paste. Collecting bark beetles in pheromone traps and turning them into a useful products can be counted as remarkable and inovative output of this study. It is also believed that this study may lead to numerous and detailed new studies on the subjects.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık, Orman Mühendisliği, FORESTRY, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES and LANDSCAPE PLANNING::Plant production::Forestry, Forest Engineering
